CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
B. Theoretical Framework
4. Flash card as Media
4. Flash card as Media
printing or photography. The characteristic of printed media is text and visuals displayed silently or statically.
2. Audio-visual media is a method to produce or deliver theory using electrical and mechanical machinery to provide visual and audio messages. The character of audio-visual media is the use of hardware in the learning process. Examples of audio-visual media are recorded tape and projector machines.
3. Computer-based media is a method to produce or deliver material using a microprocessor source. The characteristic of computer- based media is that it can be used according to students or designer preferences as planned, can be randomly used, is non- sequential, and linearly.
4. Mixed media is a method to produce or deliver theory by combining several forms of media controlled by a computer and connecting to the audio system. The media is sophisticated.
Mixed media characteristics can be used randomly, sequentially, linearly, and learning material involving students' interactivity.41
According to Rudy Bretz (1972), media is divided into three groups, those are:
1. Visual learning media group.
2. Audio learning media group.
3. Audio-visual learning media group.
41 Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2014), 31-35.
According to Magdalena I. D. ( 2013), there are six learning media: printed media, audio media, visual media, human action projection media, and miniature.42
Based on the definition above, the researcher concludes that learning media varies, such as human-based media, for example, the teaching-learning process between students and teachers. Humans commonly use printed media, for example, textbooks, newspapers, journals, Etc. Visual media is a form of media that can be seen, which helps understand and strengthen the object's memory, for example, a picture, table, and flash card.
c. Flash Card as media
1. Definition of Flash Card
A Flash card is a form of media made from small paper with pictures, text, or symbols.
According to Teng and He, Flash cards are cards bearing information, such as words, pictures, or numbers, on either side, used in classroom drills or private study.43
Wright (1976) explains that flash cards are printed cards with phrases or graphics that the instructor can simply manage.
The square cardboard sheets used for the study's flash cards measure seven by ten cm. Each card has an image that the
42 Magdalena, I. D,. Desain Pembelajaran SD (Sukabumi: CV Jejak, 2013), 86.
43 Teng and He, ―An Example of Classroom Practice Using Flashcards for Young Learners:
Preliminary Indications for Promoting Autonomy‖ Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal 6, no.4 (December 2015): 382-398, https://doi.org/10.37237/060405.
instructor either created himself or chose to use from a book, magazine, or newspaper.
A set of flashcards typically carry instructions and information on one side, such as words or numbers, and are used for practice in class either alone or in groups.44
2. The Steps for Using Flash Card media
According To Eka Oktaviani (2019), there are six steps to using flash card:
a. The teacher shares the flash cards with each student with a different picture.
b. The teacher asks one of the students to come forward and show his flashcard.
c. The flash card is held as high as the chest and faces the rest of the class.
d. The teacher asks students about pictures held by the students in front of them as the stimulus for students to be active in class.
e. The teacher asks students to spell each word shown on the flash card together.
f. The teacher asks the chosen student to come back and sit.
Lastly, the picture is stuck to the board, and the teacher orders the next chosen student to come in front.45
44 Abbasian, G., ―The Effect of Flash Card-based Instruction on Vocabulary Learning by EFL Learners‖. International Journal Of Humanities And Cultural Studies, (2016): 1929-1938.
https://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/article/view/2571.
According To Indriana (2011:135-137), the steps of using flashcard a learning media are as follow :
a. Organized cards are held as high as chest and shown to students.
b. The cards are taken one by one after teacher explanation.
c. The teacher gives the explained card to one of the students.
The student is asked to observe the card and then pass the card to the next student and continue until the last student.
d. The card is placed randomly if the learning process uses the gaming method. The teacher prepares the students who will perform the game. For example, three students stand in front of the class, but the box is placed at the last student's desk.
Afterward, the teacher orders the students to look for something, for example, a computer. After founding it, the students go back to the start position. The fastest student who finds the thing has to mention its name. In this flashcard game, teacher creativity is important in giving an engaging learning environment while playing the media.46
Based on the definition above, the researcher concludes each step in using flashcard as media in teaching-learning as follow: take one of the flashcards, then shows it to students until
45 Eka Oktaviani, ―Penggunaan Media Flashcard Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di TK Tunas Bangsa Penantian Ulubelu Tanggamus‖( Thesis, Raden Intan Lampung University,2019), 37-38.
46 Dina Indriana, Ragam Alat Bantu Media Pengajaran (Yogyakarta: DIVA Press, 2011), 135-137.
every student gets the flashcard, and lastly, the teacher can use the flashcard as a game and so forth.
3. The Advantages of Flash Card
The advantages of flash card as media were described by Riyana and Susilana (2009)47 as follow:
a. It is easy to carry everywhere because of its small size and lightweight.
b. It is practical in making and using it so that students can learn well using this media.
c. Flash card media are also easy to remember because these cards are illustrated and eye-catching and contain simple letters or numbers to stimulate the brain to remember the message longer.
d. This media is very fun to use as a learning medium. It can even be used in the form of games.
4. The Disadvantages of Flash Card
Flash card media also has weaknesses, as stated by Sadiman (2006)48:
a. Images only emphasize eye sense perception.
b. Images of objects that are too complex are less effective for learning activities.
c. Very limited in size for large groups.
47 Rudi Susilana, Media Pembelajaran (Hakikat, Pengembangan, Pemanfaatan, dan Penilaian) (Bandung: CV Wacana Prima, 2009),16 .
48 Arief S. Sadiman. Media Pendidikan. (Jakarta: Jakarta Rajawali, 2011), 31.