AROUND THE CAPITAL AREA OF EAST KALIMANTAN (IKN)
E. Discussion
The Bugis or To’ugi are one of the largest tribes in Indonesia living in the southern part of Sulawesi. However, with its development, the Bugis have spread throughout the archipelago and even to several countries. The Bugis spread is motivated by most of the community's life as fishermen and business who consider the Bugis to live on the coast of South Sulawesi.
The Bugis are also famous for their courage to change their destiny and move to another country (Passompe`). It spread not only in the history of Bugis, but also in several areas including Kalimantan. On the west coast of Kalimantan, Bugis dominates trade around Pontianak and Mempawah in the southeastern part of Kalimantan. The
settlement of Bugis is on Laut Island, on the coast of East Kalimantan, especially on Pegatan, Pasir and Kutai. Samarinda, Brungan, Mount Tabur, and the Bugis dominate business upstream of the river (Pelras, 2006: 371).
Coupled with the current pace of development, Bugis cultural practices, held with some margin by the Bugis community, provide space for women to join and engage in the public sphere. Bugis society is more open in its interpretation of cultural values.
Women are given life-changing opportunities, including being a source of livelihood. This is found in many Bugis women involved in buying and selling transactions in markets, offices and other places of business practice.
The key guidelines for Bugis businessmen who constantly apply and adhere to the mottos of Lempu (honesty), Acca (intelligence), Warani (brave), Getteng (honesty, solid attitude), and Sipakatau (human beings with each other) are good qualities for leadership in order to advance the business. This concept was actually applied by several Bugis businessmen, especially those outside the island of Sulawesi. In addition, the Akkatenningeng (basic principle of private life as a guide to social life) and the Siri'(shame / self-esteem) principle are not just concepts, but introspection in all the actions and policies that characterize the
management of a company. The application of local wisdom to maintain job stability and management is "TRUSTWORTHY"
(lempu/malempu). In short, the services provided must be reliable, efficient, punctual and, in a serious sense, high quality. The company also sets the values that need to be nurtured and developed:
INTEGRITY (getteng), PROFESSIONALISM (acca / macca)
(Makkulau, in Wijayanto, 2012: 6). Based on above, the researcher will discuss two main themes: the form of interaction between Bugis ethnic businessman in running a business and the factors that influence Bugis ethnic businessman in doing business.
1) The form of interaction between Bugis ethnic businessman in running their business
The Bugis ethnicity belongs to a dynamic society, a society that continues to move with developments and changes.
These changes can be good changes or bad behavior changes. In this case, the behavior in question is economic behavior.
According to Syafriman (Setiawati, 2014:
6) that economic behavior is the behavior of a person who changes the psychological or physical behavior of the recipient for the better materially or psychologically.
There is a relationship between individuals in this case is a businessman in conveying his goals and objectives. The
relationships that occur cause the interactions or reactions that occur and are called interactions. The interaction by Gunawan (Setiawati, 2014: 31) is an interaction between two or more people. As further explained by Bonner (Setiawati, 2014: 57), social interaction is a relationship between two or more individuals that influences, changes, or improves behavior between individuals.
Social interaction is a two-way relationship between a businessman and a producer, a businessman and a consumer, a businessman and a business colleague, and a businessman and an employee. The social interactions that take place are, firstly, social interactions in the form of voluntary cooperation (voluntary cooperation), secondly, direct cooperation (direct cooperation), and thirdly, contractual cooperation. According to Cooley (in Soekanto 2003), cooperation occurs when people recognize that they have the same interests and in common have enough knowledge and self-control to fulfill these interests through cooperation. Cooperation is a form of social interaction that arises when each individual has the awareness that they live in a society that always has a common interest.
2) Factors that influence Bugis ethnic businessman in business.
The smooth running of a business or company is inseparable from the multiple factors that influence it. Like other businessmen, ethnically Bugis businessmen have a reason for their desire to enter the business world.
1. Internal Factor
The internal factor in question is the urge to occur, especially within the individual migrating to East Kalimantan, in this case the Bugis community. These factors are a form of motivation that arises from being bored with their natural conditions, resulting in a strong determination to change their destiny. In addition, the Bugis community in doing business adheres to applicable guidelines or customs, such as maintaining their attitude and nature, such as being honest, friendly, polite, respecting their business partners, and so on. But hard in maintaining his self- esteem (Matalatta, 2014: 5)
2. External Factor
External factors in the form of factors or social support. Social support (social support) is defined by Gottlieb quoted by Siregar (Setiawati, 2014: 43) as verbal or nonverbal information, advice, real help, or behavior provided by people who are familiar with the subject in their social environment or in the form of presence and things that can provide emotional benefits or affect the behavior of the recipient. It turns out that social
encouragement can transform the lives of the Bugis people to work in urban areas.
The social factors in question are kinship (genetic releationship), intimacy (friendship), gender, and ethnicity (same and different races).
a. Genetic realtionship
The genetic relationship that exists between business people affects the future or continuity of business or the cooperation that exists between business people.
Indirectly, kinship status can show the status or position of both parties in the family. In other words, kinship can be created either by blood or by marital ties.
From this kinship status, business people can glorify each other.
In addition, the influence of kinship factors in Bugis etnic to go overseas is one of the big drivers because of the desire to change fate and invite the closest family who had the same fate before. This is in line with the opinion expressed by Wulandary (2019: 8) that as a group of immigrants following an invitation from family is one of the most appreciated assistance as being able to teach and guide in matters of trade.
They follow their families to help with their work, for example as employees.
b. Intimacy/familiarity
Intimacy or familiarity between business people also has an effect on business continuity or good cooperation, especially for newly formed businesses.
The familiarity factor will bring the business situation created between businessmen in an informal or non-formal direction so that it will create a sense of comfort. The more familiar or intimate the businessperson will be, the easier and smoother the business process will be. For example, the businessman and his business partner are friends, from alumni of the same institution, friends to hang out with, and so on, it will be more comfortable to establish business communication considering that both of them already know each other.
c. Gender
Gender additionally has an impact at the clean strolling of the commercial enterprise. In today`s era, not only men can run the business, but also women have taken part. The way of doing business between men and women is different. As seen today in some areas of business.
Women occupy more strategic business positions, such as in the market, and so on.
d. Etnic
The ethnic factor referred to in this case is a businessman who has the same or different ethnicity as his business partner, namely ethnic Bugis and ethnic non-Bugis.
For the region, the sense of unity and brotherhood of the Bugis people is very thick and strong when they are overseas, so sometimes the Bugis people are more comfortable making ethnic partners as
business partners. So do not be surprised if origins, customs, dialeg (culture) and other tribal symbols are often used as the main consideration in doing cooperation (Kesuma, 2012: XI). By expanding relations and economic activities among the Bugis, there will be a cooperation or action in achieving a mutual benefit. There is a reciprocal relationship in obtaining profits and the benefits referred to here can be in the form of achieving the goals of each party working together. In the cooperation network, the existence of a business as a trader is maintained, and it is easy to develop their own business. That way, it can also improve the socio-economic standard of living of the nomads (Wulandary, 2019: 2).