The standard suggests that a printed thesaurus include a title page, a table of contents, a comprehensive introduction, and one or more of the following types of display: (a) alphabetical, showing all the immediate relationships of each term;
(b) hierarchical, showing a display of all levels of hierarchies; and (c) permuted or rotated, giving access to every word in each descriptor and entry term (NISO, 1994, p. 23). Aitchison et al. (2000) discuss thesaurus displays in more detail and provide useful examples (pp. 95–138). The typical alphabetical display shows all terms, preferred and nonpreferred, scope notes, and one level of relationships. The word- by-word filing system in which a space is significant is preferred by most standards, but letter-by-letter is also used. Figure 1 is an extract from the alphabetical display of thePolitical Advertising Thesaurus(Haynes, 2003).
political ads
USE: political advertising political advertising
SN: Def: "the communication process by which a source (usually a political candidate or party) purchases the opportunity to expose receivers through mass channels to political messages with the intended effect of influencing their political attitudes, beliefs, and/or behaviors" (Kaid, 1981, p. 250) UF: political ads
BT: political communication NT: political commercial RT: advertising industry campaign advertising political propaganda political agitator
BT: political activists political argument RT: political debate political boss RT: boss politics political celebrity USE: political elites political commercial UF: political spot BT: political advertising RT: political debate political commercial type SC: sc
SN: Relates to the dominant type of commercial.
NT: combination political commercial image political commercial issue political commercial negative political commercial
political communication BT: mass communication NT: drama rhetoric
political advertising political discourse RT: debate formation
political debate
political party advertising presidential debates presidential speeches political conspirator BT: political activists political control political culture political debate RT: political argument
political commercial political communication political discourse
BT: political communication political elites
UF: political celebrity political generations
UF: young generation of politicians political journalists
USE: journalists political liberty BT: freedom
NT: right of opposition RT: freedom of inquiry political participation RT: voting
FIG. 5.1. Extract from thePolitical Advertising Thesaurus(Haynes, 2003): alphabetical display.
voters
NT1: at-risk voters NT1: independent voter NT1: issue voters NT1: marginal voter NT1: protest voters NT1: third party voters NT1: undecided voter voting
BT1: electoral participation NT1: absentee voting NT1: compulsory voting NT1: confidence voting NT1: geographic voting NT1: group voting NT1: online voting NT1: plural voting
NT1: political party ticket voting NT1: proxy voting
NT1: split ticket voting NT1: straight ticket voting NT1: urban voting NT1: write in voting RT: bipartisan voting
RT: candidate preference voter RT: ideological voter
RT: nonvoting
RT: political participation voting behavior
NT1: class voter RT: election interest voting districts voting record
NT1: congressional voting record voting rights
RT: freedom of speech vouchers
RT: school choice
war against drugs USE: drug war war on drugs USE: drug war warning labels Washington Post poll wasted vote
USE: third party voters water
NT1: dams NT1: water rights water conservation RT: water supply water pollution BT1: pollution
BT2: environmental health BT2: public health NT1: acid rain RT: industrial waste water power BT1: energy BT1: hydraulics
NT1: hydroelectric power water purification UF: water quality BT1: sanitation BT1: water supply BT2: natural resources BT2: public utilities
water quality
USE: water purification Watergate Affair, 1972-1974 SC: CN Corporate Name FIG. 5.2. Extract from thePolitical Advertising Thesaurus(Haynes, 2003): hierarchical display.
The hierarchical display is generated from the alphabetical display and shows preferred terms in the context of the full hierarchy. Figure 2 is an extract from the hierarchical display of thePolitical Advertising Thesaurus. (Haynes, 2003).
Systematic displays and hierarchies are also called classified or subject displays, and these show the general structure or macroclassification. The logical relation- ships between hierarchies and among groups of terms are clarified. This type of display must have a systematic section and an alphabetical section linked through the notation assigned to the subject groups or facets. It is particularly useful for large vocabularies with many facets covering several disciplines or subject fields.
It should be possible to display a hierarchy at various levels.
pensions
congressional pensions people
groups of people informing young people man of the people people by age group people by family relationship people by gender
people by ideology people by occupation people by political activity person
third-person effect petition
right of petition physicians women physicians physics
nuclear physics pilots
women air pilots plan
defense plan Marshall Plan tax plan plants
atomic power plants electric power plants nuclear power plants power plants pledge
campaign pledge pledge of allegiance pluralism
Information pluralism plurality
virtual plurality Political
Alliance Political Party
American Independent Political Party Authoritarian Political Party broadcast political talk Conservative Political Party Democratic Political Party
female political images image political commercial Independent Political Party issue political commercial negative political commercial people by political activity political accountability political commercial political discourse political elites political generations political insiders political journalists Republican Political Party ruling political party strong political party identifier third political party
traditional political party politicians
appointed politicians career politicians
young generation of politicians politics
boss politics cultural politics gender politics global politics international politics media influences on politics media politics
partisan politics press politics protest politics unification politics wedge issue politics world politics polling
polling methodology polling reliability polls
deliberative opinion polls media polls
opinion polls public opinion polls
tracking polls
FIG. 5.3. Extract from the Political Advertising Thesaurus (Haynes, 2003): rotated display.
The permuted or rotated display is considered a separate index that makes multiword terms available to the user regardless of where they occur. These are either a Key-Word-In-Context (KWIC ) or Key-Word-Out-of-Context (KWOC) type.
Figure 3 is an extract from the rotated display of thePolitical Advertising Thesaurus (Haynes, 2003).
Graphic displays in the form of two-dimensional figures bring related terms into physical proximity and permit a quick view of associations. Tree structures, ar- rowgraphs, and terminographs or box charts are included in thesauri, but they have not found wide acceptance. The standards suggest improvement is needed for graphic displays taking into account the subject domain and search habits of users.