Human Elements in Maritime Logistics 103
and white collar occupations, such as construction, healthcare, telecommu- nications and mining (Quinlan et al, 2001). Negative effects of poor work organization and crew composition include work stress, fatigue, mental ill- health, and a sense of social inequality that in turn can lead to increased risk for accidents, reduced performance and well-being (Carter, 2005; Heth- erington et al, 2006, Parker et al, 2002). Essentially, most functions and work tasks at sea can be viewed as safety critical. Hence, poor performance, irrespective of cause, leads to increased risk for loss of lives and damage to environment and property.
Introduction 104
It is believed that increased knowledge of ergonomic principles can con- tribute to increased productivity, operational efficiency, service quality, and operator well-being in the maritime domain. The productive time at sea can be improved by addressing ergonomic factors that contribute to a minimum of unproductive days due to maritime and occupational accidents, opera- tional disturbances of machinery and equipment, time-consuming inspec- tions and potential subsequent detentions, or loss of business opportunities.
Operational efficiency can be improved by addressing the organizational ergonomic factors that contribute to crew efficiency, such as organizational and managerial structures, communication, design of working times, and knowledge-creating processes. Technically, operational efficiency would benefit from a ship design that allows for more than just operability, and also takes into account the ship’s maintainability, working conditions, hab- itability and survivability for a safe and efficient ship operation over time.
Maritime service quality can largely be equated with safety. It is assumed that the self-regulating quality management systems in place today, espe- cially within the liquid bulk segment, will continue to develop within other shipping markets. It is further assumed that the public awareness and pres- sure on shipping to deal with environmental issues will expand to encom- pass social and ethical issues such as fair working conditions.
The outcome can be measured in terms of individual, organizational and societal benefits. Individual benefits include reduced risk for occupational injuries, improved physical and mental health, and job satisfaction. Organi- zational benefits include improved productivity, efficiency, quality, person- nel concerns – such as recruiting and retaining, reduced absenteeism and labour turnover – and liabilities. On a societal level, benefits include reduced costs for ill-health and accidents, and in a larger perspective a contribu- tion towards an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable sea transport system and society as a whole.
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