CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
B. The Concept of Speaking
3. The elements of Speaking
In speaking, there are some specific elements that have strong correlation with this skill. According to Harmer (1991:15), aspect of speaking can be divided as follow:
a. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is an act or result of production the sound of speech including articulation vowel formation, accents or inflection. Often with reference to some standard of contents or accept ability. The concept of “pronunciation” may be said to include:
1) The sound of the language
One their own the sound of language may well meaningless. If you said /t/
(the line show that this is phonetic script a few times, e.g, tu, it will not mean very much English). Neither will be sounds /k/, /a/, or /s/ but if we put all these sound together a certain order we and up the word catch and does mean something.
2) Stress
Native speaker of language unconsciously know about the stress and how it works, they know which syllables of words are stressed and they know how to use stress, to change the meaning of phrase, sentence, and question.
3) Intonation
Intonation is clearly important item and component user of language
recognize what meaning it has and can change the meaning of word they through using it in different ways, when we taught English language, student‟s need it use rhythms and stress correctly if they are to be understood.
b. Vocabulary
In learning a foreign language, vocabulary plays an important role. It is one element that links the four skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing all together. In other to communicate well in foreign language, student should know how to use them accurately. According to (Mehrpour, S. 2008:192). Learning a second language or foreign language mainly involves learning the sound system, grammar, and vocabulary of the language.
Vocabulary is all about words. When we use language we use words all the time. If we know language well, we know how to write its words and how to say its words (McCarthy, O‟Keeffe Walsh, 2010). Related to Betty Lou Levear, Medaline Ehrman, and Boris Shekhtman (2005:162), the more vocabulary you know, the more options you have in selecting the kind of grammar to use in speaking and writing.
In addition according to Oxford Learners‟ Pocket Dictionary (2003), vocabulary is all the words that person knows or uses, all the words in a language, list of words in a language, list of words with their meanings especially in a book for learning a foreign language.
From that definition above, the researcher can conclude that vocabulary is a part of a language and the process of understanding the meaning of words. The process involves how the people can use, can recognize, and can understand it.
The learner has to determine a word in context due to some of the word have multiple meaning.
1) Types of Vocabulary
Generally, there are two kinds of vocabulary; they are active vocabulary and passive vocabulary. Harmer (1991:159) distinguishes two types of vocabulary:
a) Active Vocabulary
Active vocabulary refers to vocabulary that students have been thought or learnt and which they are expected to be able to use.
b) Passive vocabulary
Passive vocabulary refers to the words which they will probably not able to produce. Active and passive vocabulary also known as receptive and productive vocabulary. (Hieberth H.E., Kamil L.M. 2005) Productive vocabulary is the set of word that can be used when writing and speaking.
They words that are well-known, familiar, and used frequently.
Conversely, receptive, or recognition, vocabulary is that set of words for which an individual can assign meanings when listening or reading. The researcher can conclude that receptive or passive vocabulary is the word that someone knows when it is heard or seen, they can mention the meaning of the words and they can recognize it when appears in the context of reading and listening material.
2) Function of vocabulary
In daily life, to communicate with the other people, we use language to say something, to express our ideas, to express our telling, etc. both is spoken
language or written language. Relating to the statement above, we can conclude that words are very important to use in communication. By using word accompanied by rules of language, our ideas feeling, emotion, thought can be expressed. Furthermore, the people can understand what they say to us.
Communication can run well if we do not know or have a store of the vocabulary of the language.
The function of vocabulary is inseparable from the language skills. In the speaking, the people need a words to communicate their thought, feeling or ideas to the others people. Choosing words accurately, and impressed as well as how people react them. In listening, we need vocabulary to understand what someone says through his/her words. In reading, it is very useful to understand the passage or the meaning of the text. In writing, it is also important, therefore, the writer should clearly and accurately in choosing words to express her ideas and principle to the readers.
c. Grammar
Grammar whose subject matter is the organization of word in to variables communication, often representating many layers of structure, such as phrase sentences, and complete utterance (Ba‟dulu 2008). As the fame work to find sentences productively needed. He fact however shows that the learners‟ mastery or English structure is skill less as found out by some previous researcher.
d. Self Confidence
Judge cited in Asmadi (2002) says that self confidence that as a person‟s beliefs about all aspect of the advantages it has and these beliefs make her feel able to achieve various goals in life. According to Sara (2005) stated self- confidence is very important that foreign language learners may have. When learners have strong trust in their capacities, they will make them easier to learn and engage in their task without any obstacles in their performance which may hide their performance. To measure the self-confidence, related to Lauster (1994) there are several characteristics to asses self-confidence in the individual, including
1) To believe in his own abilities a belief in oneself against all phenomena that air-relationship with an individual‟s ability to evaluate and overcome the phenomenon occurs.
2) Act independently without the involvement of others. In addition, the ability to believe that measure taken.
3) Having a positive self-concept the existence of a good assessment of the him/herself, both of the views and actions taken which lead to a positive sense of him/herself.
4) Dare to express opinion the existence of an attitude able to express something in which to be different with others without coercion or things that can inhibit the hurt of these feelings.
From explanation above the researcher can be concluded that people are confident or self-confidence is the ability of individuals to be able to understand and believe in their full potential so that they can be used in the
face of adjustment to their environment. People who are confident usually have initiative, who creative, and who optimistic about the future, able to realize their own weaknesses and strengths, think positively, consider all problems there must be a solution. In other hand, people who are not confident are characterized by attitudes that tend to weaken their spirit of life, such as inferiority, pessimism, passivity, apathy, and tend to be a priori.