Short Memos
4.7 Engineering Graphical Communication
In the previous sections, we showed you how to present your homework solutions and to write technical and progress reports, an executive summary, and short memos. Now, we discuss engineering graphical communications. Engineers use special kinds of drawings, called engi- neering drawings, to convey their ideas and design information about products. These draw- ings portray vital information, such as shape of the product, its size, type of material used, and assembly steps. Moreover, machinists use the information provided by engineers or drafts persons, on the engineering drawings, to make the parts. For complicated systems made of various parts, the drawings also serve as a how-to-assemble guide, showing how the various parts fit together. Examples of these types of drawings are shown in Figures 4.3 through 4.5. In Chapter 16, we provide an introduction to engineering graphical-communication principles.
We will discuss why engineering drawings are important, how they are drawn, and what rules must be followed to create such drawings. Engineering symbols and signs also provide valuable information. These symbols are a “language” used by engineers to convey their ideas, solutions to problems, or analyses of certain situations. In Chapter 16, we will also discuss the need for conventional engineering symbols and will show some common symbols used in civil, electri- cal, and mechanical engineering.
4.7 Engineering Gr aphical Communication
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102
Chapter 4 Engineering Communication2’ × 3/16”
(2)
SIMPSON STRONG- TIE
■
Figure 4.4 Commonmanufactured metal beam connectors
Source: Courtesy of Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc.
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Summary
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SUMMARY
Now that you have reached this point in the text
• You should know the basic steps involved in the solution of engineering problems: What is the problem? What is to be determined? Can the analysis be simplified by making appropri- ate assumptions? What are the physical laws and principles that govern and predict the behav- ior of the given problem?
• You should realize that you must always find your own ways to verify your solutions to a problem. There are no answer books outside the classroom.
• You should realize that it is very important for engineers to know how to communicate well with others both orally and in written form. You should also be familiar with various ways of giving an engineering presentation, including a home work presentation, progress report, executive summary, short memo, and detailed technical report.
(a) A printed circuit board drill plan 3.20
2.400 .150
.150
B
2.60
1.400 2.300
QTY 16
4 3
SIZE .040 .063 .125
REMARKS PLATED THRU PLATED THRU LTR
NONE A B
(b) A wiring diagram
M1 R1
J
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B
B A A A A
1 2 3 91X 92X 93X 97X
S2 96X 95X A1 A1
94X 21 3 4
56 7 89 1211 10 1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13
4XX 5XX 6XX 7XX
A B C D J2 0XX
3XX
5 4 3 2 1 23 4
PS1 0XX E1
J1
A B
C
8XX 98X
80X
XF1 S1
98X
8XX ⫹ ⫺
■
Figure 4.5 Examples of drawings used in electrical and electronic engineering.4.1. Investigate the operation of various turbines. Write a brief report explaining the operation of steam turbines, hydraulic turbines, gas turbines, and wind turbines.
4.2. In a brief report, discuss why we need various modes of transportation. How did they evolve? Discuss the role of public transportation, water transportation, highway transportation, railroad transportation, and air trans- portation.
4.3. Identify the major components of a computer, and briefly explain the function or the role of each component.
4.4. Electronic communication is becoming increasingly important. In your own words, identify the various sit- uations under which you should write a letter, send an e-mail, make a telephone call, or talk to someone in person. Explain why one particular form of communi- cation is preferable to the others available.
You may have seen examples of emoticons (derived from emotion and icons)—simple printable characters used in e-mails to convey human facial expressions.
Here are some examples of emoticons:
: ) or :-) Smiling
:-D Laughing
: ( or :-( Sad
:,( or :.( Crying
:-O Surprised, Shocked
; ) or ;-) Wink
⬎:-O Angry/ Yelling
⬎:-( Angry/Grumpy
: -* Kiss
: -** Returning a kiss
⬍3 Heart (e.g. I ⬍3 U)
⬍/3 Broken Heart
The following assignments could be done as group projects.
4.5. Prepare a 15-minute PowerPoint presentation about engineering and its various disciplines, and the next time you go home present it to the juniors in your high school.
4.6. Prepare a 15-minute PowerPoint presentation about your plans to receive a rewarding education and the preparation that it takes to have a successful career in
engineering. When preparing your presentation, con- sider a four or five year detailed plan of study, involve- ment with extra curricular activities, an internship, volunteer activities, and so on. Share your plans with your classmates.
4.7. From the subjects presented in this book, choose a topic, prepare a 15-minute PowerPoint presentation, and deliver it to your class.
4.8. If your introduction to engineering class has a term project, prepare a PowerPoint presentation of a length specified by your instructor and deliver it to your class at a date specified by your instructor.
4.9. Prepare a 20-minute PowerPoint presentation about the history and future of engineering. Incorporate pictures, short video clips, graphs, and so on in your presentation.
4.10. Prepare a 15-minute PowerPoint presentation about an engineering topic, such as alternative energy or an envi- ronmental issue that interests you and that you would like to learn more about. Present it to your class.
4.11. Visit the Web site of the National Society of Professional Engineers and research engineering ethics. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation showing why engineering ethics is so important and explaining why honesty and integrity in engineering are essential. Give examples of engineering codes of ethics. Present an ethics-related case and involve the class by discussing it during your pre- sentation.
4.12. Visit the Web site of an engineering organization, such as ASME, IEEE, or ASCE, and prepare a PowerPoint presentation about this year’s student design competi- tions. Deliver your presentation at one of your engi- neering organization’s meetings.
4.13. Prepare a 10-minute PowerPoint presentation about
engineering professional registration. Explain why pro- fessional registration is important and what the require- ments are.
Problems 4.14 – 4.20
As described in the Data and Results part of Section 4.5, all tables and graphs must have descriptive information such as titles, column or row headings, units, and axis labels, and data points must be clearly marked. All figures must be numbered
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Chapter 4 Engineering CommunicationProblems
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and have a descriptive title. The figure number and the title should be placed below the figure. All tables must be numbered and have a descriptive title as well. However, for tables, the table number and the title should be placed above the table.
4.14. Plot the following data. Use two different y-axes. Use a scale of zero to 100°F for temperature, and zero to 12 mph for wind speed. Present your work using the ideas discussed in this chapter and engineering papers.
4.15. Create a table that shows the relationship between the units of temperature in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit in the range of ⫺50° to 50°C. Use increments of 10°C.
Present your work incorporating the ideas discussed in this chapter and using engineering paper.
4.16. Create a table that shows the relationship between the units of mass in kilograms and pound mass in the range of 50 kg to 120 kg. Use increments of 10 kg. Present your work incorporating the ideas discussed in this chapter and using engineering paper.
4.17. The given data show the result of a model known as stopping sight distance, used by civil engineers to design roadways. This simple model estimates the distance a driver needs in order to stop his car, traveling at a cer- tain speed, after detecting a hazard. Plot the data using engineering paper and incorporating the ideas dis- cussed in this chapter.
Time Temperature Wind Speed
(p.m.) (°F) (mph)
1 75 4
2 80 5
3 82 8
4 82 5
5 78 5
6 75 4
7 70 3
8 68 3
4.18. The given data represent the velocity distribution for a flow of a fluid inside a circular pipe with a radius of 0.1 m. Plot the data using engineering paper and incor- porating the ideas discussed in this chapter.
Problems
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Speed Stopping Sight (mph) Distance (ft)
0 0
5 21
10 47
15 78
20 114
Speed Stopping Sight (mph) Distance (ft)
25 155
30 201
35 252
40 309
45 370
50 436
55 508
60 584
65 666
70 753
75 844
80 941
Radial distance, r(m)
r ⴝ0 corresponds to U(r) the center of pipe Velocity (m/s)
⫺0.1 0
⫺0.09 0.095
⫺0.08 0.18
⫺0.07 0.255
⫺0.06 0.32
⫺0.05 0.375
⫺0.04 0.42
⫺0.03 0.455
⫺0.02 0.48
⫺0.01 0.495
0 0.5
0.01 0.495
0.02 0.48
0.03 0.455
0.04 0.42
0.05 0.375
0.06 0.32
0.07 0.255
0.08 0.18
0.09 0.095
0.1 0
4.19. In an annealing process — a process wherein materi- als such as glass and metal are heated to high temper- atures and then cooled slowly to toughen them — thin steel plates are heated to temperatures of 900°C and then cooled in an environment with temperature of 35°C. The results of an annealing process for a thin plate is shown below. Plot the data using engineering paper incorporating the ideas discussed in this chapter.
4.21. Present Example 6.1 in Chapter 6 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.22. Present Example 6.3 in Chapter 6 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.23. Present Example 7.1 in Chapter 7 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.24. Present Example 7.4 in Chapter 7 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.25. Present Example 8.3 in Chapter 8 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.26. Present Example 8.4 in Chapter 8 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.27. Present Example 9.3 in Chapter 9 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.28. Present Example 9.4 in Chapter 9 using the format
discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.29. Present Example 10.7 in Chapter 10 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.30. Present Example 10.14 in Chapter 10 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.31. Present Example 11.5 in Chapter 11 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.32. Present Example 12.4 in Chapter 12 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
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Chapter 4 Engineering CommunicationTime Temperature
(hr) (°C)
0 900
0.2 722
0.4 580
0.6 468
0.8 379
1 308
1.2 252
1.4 207
1.6 172
1.8 143
2 121
2.2 103
2.4 89
2.6 78
2.8 69
3 62
3.2 57
3.4 52
3.6 49
3.8 46
4 44
4.2 42
4.4 40
4.6 39
4.8 38
5 38
Deflection, Spring force,
X(mm) F(N)
0 0
5 10
10 20
15 30
20 40
4.20. The relationship between a spring force and its
deflection is given in the table at the top of the next column. Plot the results using engineering paper and incorporating the ideas discussed in this chapter.
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4.33. Present Example 13.1 in Chapter 13 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.34. Present Example 13.6 in Chapter 13 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
4.35. Present Example 13.9 in Chapter 13 using the format discussed in Section 4.3. Divide the example problem into “Given,” “Find,” and “Solution” sections.
Problems
107
“Who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.”
— German Proverb