Given current energy and sustainability concerns, it is important for students as future engineers to understand some simple energy assessment procedures. Given current energy and sustainability concerns, it is important for students as future engineers to understand some simple energy assessment procedures.
Impromptu Designs
Acknowledgments
I am also grateful to the following reviewers for general and specific comments: Vijaya Chalivendra, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Yasser Gowayed, Auburn University, Michael Gregg, Virginia Tech, and Lei Kerr, Miami University.
C ONTENTS
An Introduction to Engineering
Saeed Moaveni
E NGINEERING
3 In Part One of this book, we will introduce you to the engineering profession. Engineers are problem
Introduction to the Engineering Profession CHAPTER 2 Preparing for an Engineering Career
Engineers apply physical and chemical laws and mathematics to design, develop, test and monitor the manufacture of millions of products and services.
CHAPTER
I NTRODUCTION TO THE
E NGINEERING P ROFESSION
Engineering Work Is All Around You
When you're getting ready to take your morning shower, the clean water you'll be using comes to your home thanks to civil and mechanical engineers. The car you will be driving was made possible with the help and collaboration of automotive, mechanical, electrical, electronic, industrial, materials, chemical and petroleum engineers.
Engineers Deal with an Increasing World Population and Sustainability Concerns
Engineering as a Profession and Common Traits of Good Engineers
You have time to think about it because most of the coursework during the first year of engineering is similar for all engineering students, regardless of their specific discipline. During the next few years of school, you may wonder why you need to learn some of the material you are studying.
What Is Engineering and What Do Engineers Do?
Common Traits of Good Engineers
Therefore, well-educated engineers are able to work outside their area of specialization in other related fields. Starting salaries for engineers are significantly higher than for bachelor's degree candidates in other subjects.
Engineering Disciplines
What Are Some Areas of Engineering Specialization?
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
For example, in a typical mechanical engineering program, during the last two years of your studies, you will take courses such as thermodynamics, mechanics of materials, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, applied thermodynamics, and design. Many community colleges around the country offer the first two years of engineering programs, which are usually accepted by engineering schools.
Professional Engineer
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job outlook for biomedical engineering graduates is very good because of the focus on health issues and the aging population. To meet the needs of the growing population, the job outlook for chemical engineers is also good, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Engineering Technology
You can find materials engineers who work in aircraft manufacturing; several research and testing laboratories; and manufacturers of electrical, stone and glass products. Due to the low number of current graduates, employment opportunities are good for materials engineers.
Katie McCullough
Problems
SUMMARY
24 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Engineering Profession two-page report on the aims and missions of the. If you plan to study chemical engineering, research what is meant by each of the following terms: polymers, plastics, thermoplastics, and thermosetting.
P REPARING FOR AN
To have a rewarding education, you need to realize that you have to start studying and preparing from the first day of class, attend class regularly, get help right away, take good notes, choose a good study place and form study groups. You should also consider the time management ideas discussed in this chapter to arrive at a reasonable weekly schedule.
E NGINEERING C AREER
- Making the Transition from High School to College
- Budgeting Your Time
- Daily Studying and Preparation
- Getting Involved with an Engineering Organization
- Your Graduation Plan
- Other Considerations
Therefore, you may need to develop some new habits and get rid of some of your old habits in order to thrive as a mechanical engineering student. If you have a computer, you may want to type a summary of all the important terms.
Susan Thomas
Get to Know an Upper Division Engineering Student By getting to know junior and senior engineering students, you can gain valuable information about their experiences with engineering education and social issues on campus. Ask your instructor to introduce you to a junior or senior engineering student, and record the following information on your introductory engineering class syllabus: the senior engineering student's name, his or her phone number, and his or her email address.
Suzelle Barrington, Ph.D., P.E
Choose what you think is the best schedule and discuss it with your instructor or advisor. You should use the ideas discussed in this chapter to make your transition from high school to college a smooth one.
I NTRODUCTION TO
E NGINEERING D ESIGN
Engineering Design Process
Here we will take a closer look at what the term design means and learn more about how engineers go about designing these products and services. We will also introduce you to the financial considerations, material selection, teamwork, project planning and technical standards and codes - all an integral part of the design process and product and service development.
Recognizing the Need for a Product or a Service
Problem Definition and Understanding
I need better roller skates!
- Research and Preparation
- Conceptualization
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
- Optimization
- Presentation
You need to make sure you clearly understand your part of the problem and how it fits in with the other problems. If the problem consists of a complex system, you must identify the components of the system.
Civil Engineering Design Process
- Recognizing the Need for a Building
- Define the Usage of the Building
- Project Planning
- Schematic Design Phase
- Design Development (DD) Phase
- Construction Documentation (CD) Phase
- Construction Administration Phase
- Sustainability in Design*
- Engineering Economics
- Material Selection
- Teamwork
- Common Traits of Good Teams
- Conflict Resolution
- Project Scheduling and Task Chart
- Evaluating Alternatives
- Patent, Trademark, and Copyright
- Engineering Standards and Codes
Electrical Resistivity— The value of electrical resistivity is a measure of the resistance of a material to the flow of electricity. Thermal Expansion— The coefficient of linear expansion can be used to determine the change in the length (per original length) of a material that would occur if the temperature of the material changed.
Why Do We Need Standards and Codes?
Examples of Standards and Codes Organizations in the United States
The American National Standards Institute
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Examples of International Standards and Codes
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
C Standards
Other Internationally Recognized Standardization Organizations
Manufacturers Association for Valve and Fitting Industry Standardization (MSS) North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA).
Specific Examples of Standards and Codes in Use in the United States
Drinking Water Standards in the United States
Basically, the EPA sets two standards for the level of water contaminants: (1) the maximum contaminant level objective (MCLG) and (2) the maximum contaminant level (MCL). Contaminant MCGL MCL Source of contaminant by Industries Antimony 6 ppb 6 ppb copper smelting, refining, porcelain plumbing.
Outdoor Air Quality Standards in the United States
In 1990, Congress passed amendments to the Clean Air Act, which required the EPA to address the effects of many toxic air pollutants by setting new standards. Since 1997, the EPA has issued 27 air standards that will be fully implemented in the coming years.
Indoor Air Quality Standards in the United States
The air flow patterns in and around a building will also affect indoor air quality. Air purification means the removal of harmful particles and gases from the air. TABLE 3.9 Typical sources of indoor air pollution.
Lauren Heine, Ph.D
- Recognizing the Need for a Building
- Construction Administration (CA) Phase
- Recognizing the Need for a Product or a Service
- Problem Definition and Understanding
The structural engineer provided the size of the main supporting components of the building, such as beams, columns and foundations. After a meeting between the marketers and the engineers, the details of the project requirements were defined.
C OMMUNICATION
- Communication Skills and Presentation of Engineering Work
- Basic Steps Involved in the Solution of Engineering Problems
- Defining the Problem
- Simplifying the Problem
- Performing the Solution or Analysis
- Verifying the Results
- Homework Presentation
- Progress Report, Executive Summary, and Short Memos Progress Report
What do you really know about the problem, or what are some of the things that are known about the problem. Before you can continue to analyze the problem, you may need to simplify it first.
Executive Summary
Progress reports are a way of telling others in the organization or project sponsors how much progress has been made and what major project goals have been met to date. The format of the progress report may be dictated by the manager in the organization or by the project sponsors.
Short Memos
Detailed Technical Report
Objectives The purpose of the Objectives section is to indicate what is to be investigated through the conduct of the experiment. Data and Results The purpose of this section is to present the results of the experiment, as described in the stated objective, in tabular and/or graphical form.
Oral Communication and Presentation
You can also use PowerPoint to create additional materials (such as handouts) for your audience and preparatory notes for your presentation. For example, you can display a highlighted list of items one at a time, or each item can fade out as you move to the next item.
Engineering Graphical Communication
Plot the data using technical paper and incorporate the ideas discussed in this chapter. Plot the data using technical paper and incorporate the ideas discussed in this chapter.
Dr. Karen Chou
I passed Part I of the exam in December 2009 and plan to take Part II in 6 months. The joy and challenge of the work and the contribution to the welfare of our society outweigh the obstacles.
E NGINEERING E THICS
As the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) code of ethics eloquently states, “Engineering is an important and learned profession. In the following section, we will look at an example of a code of ethics, namely the code of the National Society of Professional Engineers.
Preamble
Fundamental Canons
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers also have codes of ethics. NSPE's Code of Ethical Conduct is used to adjudicate engineering ethics cases brought before NSPE's Board of Ethics Review.
Rules of Practice
Engineers must not falsify their qualifications or allow misrepresentation of their or their co-workers' qualifications. They will not offer any gift or other valuable consideration to secure employment.
Professional Obligations
Engineers must not accept commissions or fees, directly or indirectly, from contractors or other parties who deal with customers or employers of the engineer in connection with work for which the engineer is responsible. The employer must indemnify the engineer against using the information for any purpose other than the original purpose.
The 2002 NSPE Milton F. Lunch Ethics Contest
Conflict of interest – Conflict between an individual's personal interests and the individual's obligations due to the position he occupies. However, after receiving XYZ's call, Engineer A decides to accept the invitation to visit XYZ's headquarters and combine the trip with his graduate vacation, believing that visiting XYZ will broaden Engineer A's knowledge of the job market as well as future career opportunities with XYZ.
The 2003 NSPE Milton F. Lunch Ethics Contest
Several months after the completion of the bridge, Engineer A enters the bridge design into a national organization's bridge design competition. Facts Engineer A, who is a professional engineer, carries out a traffic study for client X as part of the client's application for permission to manage traffic for the development of a shop.
Use of Alleged Hazardous Material in a Processing Facility
Engineer B designs the bridge's three curved welded plate girder spans, which were critical elements of the bridge design. Later, Client X learns that part of the traffic study provided by Engineer A to Client X was previously developed by Engineer A for a developer, Client Y, at a nearby location and that Engineer A billed Client Y for the study full of traffic.
Case No. 99-11
The second study on a new project for Client X used some of the same raw data as in the report prepared for Client Y. A series of tests proposed by Engineer A is likely to result in a decision on whether to proceed forward with using the software.
Using Technical Proposal of Another Without Consent
Case No. 83-3
Engineers must strive to be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements or testimony, with primary consideration for the best interests of the engineer's client or employer. Although engineer B was employed by engineer A's firm, engineer A had no direct knowledge of engineer B's work.
Question
Engineer B is a graduate engineer working in industry who also worked as a student at Engineer A's company for one summer. Engineer B applies for a professional engineer's license and requests that Engineer A provide him with a letter of reference demonstrating Engineer B's engineering experience and that was an engineer (Engineer A) directly responsible to Engineer B.
Conclusion
It is clear that Engineer B wanted the reference letter from Engineer A, a director of a consulting firm, to improve his chances of being licensed as a professional engineer, and Engineer B takes conscientious action to comply with the request. The Board believes that an alternative approach would have been for Engineer A to refer Engineer B back to the engineer in the company responsible for the engineering for the letter of recommendation.
Board of Ethical Review
E NGINEERING F UNDAMENTALS
Fundamental Dimensions and Units CHAPTER 7 Length and Length-Related Parameters
Temperature and Temperature-Related Parameters CHAPTER 12 Electric Current and Related Parameters
Energy and Power
F UNDAMENTAL D IMENSIONS
AND U NITS
We will explain the steps necessary to convert information from one system of units to another correctly. Time was another physical dimension that people had to understand in order to be able to explain their surroundings and to be able to answer questions such as: "How old are you?" "How long does it take to get from here to there?" "How long does it take to cook this food over the fire?" The answer to these questions in those early days might have been something like: "I am too old moon" or "It takes several moons to get from our village to the next village on the other side of the mountain." Furthermore, to describe how cold or hot something was, people needed another physical quantity, or physical dimension, that we now refer to as temperature.
International System (SI) of Units
The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. We will discuss the role of the base dimensions and other derived units in detail in the coming chapters of this book.
British Gravitational (BG) System
S. Customary Units
Convert all the values in this example from US customary units to SI units. For equation (6.1) to be dimensionally homogeneous, the units on the left side of the equation must correspond to the units on the right side.
Numerical Solution
When you take your engineering classes, you need to be aware of two important things: (1) understand the basic concepts and principles related to that class and (2) how to apply them to solve real-world problems (situations) physical. In order to understand the basic concepts, you should carefully study the statement of the governing laws and the derivatives of the engineering formulas and their limitations.
Symbolic Solution
A cantilever beam
What is the appropriate unit if the previous equation is to be homogeneous in units. What is the appropriate unit for, if the above equation is to be uniformly homogeneous.
L ENGTH AND L ENGTH -R ELATED P ARAMETERS
You may see some of the concepts and ideas presented here in some other form in a future engineering class you take. Later in your engineering education, some of you may take a course in flight physics, fluid mechanics, or aerodynamics where you learn that the lift force acting on the wings of an airplane is proportional to the wing area.
Area Calculations
Now that you understand the meaning of area in technical analysis, let's look at the units. We can also use the multiples and division multiples (see Table 6.2) of basic SI units to form other suitable units for area, such as mm2, cm2, km2, and so on.
Approximation of Planar Areas
Determine the weight of the piece of paper that has the area drawn on it. E X A M P L E 7.1 Using the trapezoidal rule, determine the total ground contact area of the athletic shoe shown.
