ETYMOLOGY OR THE HISTORY OF WORDS

Alphonse]

GUAYMI GRAMMAR _AND DICTIONARY 41

4. Ti kiguo I

came

justawhileago.

5. Nikiguo

He

wentjustthisminute.

6. Nikiani jondeni

He

wentyesterday.

7. Ekuere

mo Come

here.

8.

Non

blare

Go

at once.

9. Tineaia'n'

mo

neai I willrunifyouwillrun.

10. Niredikiainunkroke

awane

nir^we

Who

will go for us and

whom

shall I

tiniain. send?

11.

Mo

nibibrenya? Areyouill?

12.

Mro

nibltie I

am

hungry.

13.

Mun

blnikienya? Areyou going?

14. Tidingeyeko,titoganinko

kwe My

strengthfails,he broke

my

spirit.

15. Titaunete, tini6n Here

am

I, sendme.

16. Tiwe

metawunamane moe

I

command

ittobestruckbyyou.

17. Titau

mro

juritaire

moe

I

am

asking you for plantains (with a viewtoreturningsomelater

when my

cropcomesin)^.**

42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

^[Bull,162

4.

The

signs (") ov^er

and

(-)

under an

⁶ signify the

deep

guttural sound.

5.

The

^{sign (•)}

over an

6signifies

a

guttural nasal sound.

6.

The

sign 6, besides

being an

accent,

deepens

the guttural

sound.

ngobo

God

ngob6 son

ngobo

The

^youngofanyanimal

Thus:

Ngobo Ngob6 The

Sonof

God

mtiingobo apig

7.

There

is

no

point in

multiplying symbols when

the correct

sounds can

best

be

got

by

careful hstening.

(2)

Words

^alter

when

accents change.

1. dika

The

gerundial form of "to paint,"

"to sew," "to paint the face"

dikd too

much

2. siba youngestofa family

sibd also

3. d6re evening

der6 what

4.

nhe

life (alive)

nir6

who?

5. diika pear, cedar

dukd will

come

6. tfdro poorly

tidro tongue

7. bure-_. young

bur6 fine (dust)

8. miiya pineapple

muy

d cry

(3)

Some words change

their

meaning

while their accents

remain

the

same.

1. diire byboat

dure tofight,to vote

2. doko softly

doko tobeat (intheimperativemood)

3. bura rawa (apalm)

bura a deer

4. gain to tempt

gain to see

5. tori to seek

tori struck

6. kite to string orshape

kite to throw

7. kuo cocoa

kuo a seed

Alphonse]

GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 43

8. du a boat

du war

9. juke a door

juke to paint

juke to lean

juke to lie (liedown)

(4)

1.

Some ^nouns

are derived

from

verbs.

When

^the

end

of a

verb

is

changed

toko it

becomes a noun.

bien bianko give giver

dien diako boil boiler

buke bukako feed feeder

kain kako catch catcher

denye deanko take taker

dotere doteko

make maker

(create

—

Creator)

blite blitako speak speaker

dure duko fight soldier

gore goko steal thief

gain gako tempt tempter

ganain gananko win winner

juke jukako paint painter

kite kitako throw. pitcher

moin

moanko

dig digger

noin nonko travel traveler

fioke fiokoko talk talker

fioke fiokoko send sender

oto otako break breaker

drobare drobako drunk drunkard

totike totikako teach teacher

2.

When a Verb ends

in ko,

double

ko to

form

a

noun.

kiteko to throw

away

(waste)

kitakoorkitakoko waster

jatikeko tocutoneself

jatikakoko a cutterofoneself

kosukuku sweep

kosukakoko sweeper

3.

When

the

Verb ends

in ke,

change

to ko for the

noun.

toke tokoko strike striker

bike bikako pretend pretender

komike komikako kill __ murderer

4.

When

the

Verb ends

in re,ne,

change

to ko to

form

the

noun.

nere fieko tell teller

nene neako run runner

durubone durubonko sell seller

5.

When

the

Verb ends

in

ku

oren,

change

to

ako

to

form

the

noun.

koku kokako buy buyer

juben jubako bathe

swimmer

44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETflNOLOGY

[Bull.162 6.

When

the

Verb ends

in dre,

drop

dre

and add

ko.

driedre drieko

show

shower

(5)

1. Adjectives are

formed from Nouns by adding

the suffix re.

oro orore gold golden

niotra niotrare light bright

wau

waure __ fish (abounds withfish)

fishy

wenyan

wenyanre silver silvery

seda sedare silk silky

bablu bablure flower flowery

2.

By adding

te.

kro krote bone bony

kidngoto kidngotote grass grassy

mutdngoto mutdngotote cloud cloudy

umdn ^umante

sand sandy

ngutuoe ngutuore hill hilly (ngutuore

—

hilly).

3. Adjectives are

formed from Nouns

of

Persons and

Places

by adding

bu.

sulya sulyabu _ Spanish Spaniard

fiQkri fio kribu big river big river

man

(or

person)

IgU Igl6bu English Englishman

Juglibiti Juglibu

The

Juglitop

A man

from Jugli

Merikine. __ Merikinbu American American (6)

1

.

Words

are

borrowed from

the

colony

of

Aztecs and

Toltecs

whom

theseValiente or

Guaymi

call

Dekos.

2.

"Dekos" means

early,

and

referstothe early

Mexicans who came

in large

canoes having

oars

studded with

pearls. (Their leader

was

called Ciri Klave.)

3.

The words from

tbe

Dekos which

still reveal their link to the

Mexican

civilization are

—

Montezuma

King

Mey6

Mother

The word "Mey6"

^is

probably

related to

"Maya."

(7)

1.

Words

that

had

fallen into disuse

suddenly sprang

into

prominence when

the

Methodist Mission began

its

work among

the Valiente in 1917:

ngubuore tosave dotere toweave,toform,

mik6 to

make

to create

Alphonse]

GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 45

doteko Creator

kuk^ word

toen to see

torotike to write

Ngubuoko

Saviour

Mikako Maker kuk^muko

friend toabitiko to seeover torotikara apen

(8)

1.

Words borrowed from

the

Spanish aad from

the traders finally

became

nativized:

aro rice

Badre Father

Brance French IngleorIgl6__ English basare an outing

kab6 captain

chibo goat

karnero sheep

jab6n soap

lamara lamp

lima file

kulebra snake

kalete alcalde, a magis- trate

gobrdn government munteare hunt

oro gold

batr<5n employer

sako abag

sobro a hat

tidera ascissors

zapata shoes

pluma

pen

bola ball

kampana

bell

koko coconut

klabure slave

klabo anail

jioro iron

chibo kurotu__ goat

kruzo a cross

kobre copper

lancha launch

libra

pound

librere arich

man

mendia merino

naran orange

keso cheese

reye king

seda silk

siikara sugar

bela asail

pan bread

gracia grace

(9)

1.

Words borrowed from English-speaking

traders also

became

nativized

:

enka ananchor

banikuata zinc (literally

"pan-skin")

bari a barrel

ben apen

besinie abasin blesdre tobless

b6nton button

brete bread

cherye achair j6ndot onehundred

Jesus Jesus

kinye a king

manawara

a

man

^ofwar bencil apencil breyasie a prayer

masi mast

sibunu

aspoon

Kristo Christ

tenks thanks

tronye throne

wiki awick

bani apan

Baibil Bible

benchi abench

binle a pin

blowara flour

bumu

a

boom

kori cork

fet faith

Jehovd, Jehovah

46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

^[Bull.162 kiye akey (also"juke

tikara" door opener)

layan alion

organ organ

bleto aplate

bomenta

pomade,

hair dressing

sipritu spreet

sleti aslate

tebM

^table

tousin athousand

winda a

window

wayara wire

(10)

1.

When a

foreign

word

is introduced, the

word

bare is

added

to

form

the simple pasttense:

blesdre to bless blesbare blessed santifai to sanctify

santifaibare sanctified

(11)

1.

Foreign names

are

adopted

as

they sound

:

Yosif Joseph

Panamd Panamd Abram Abraham

Jos6 Jos6

Yimikara Jamaica Juan John orJuan (12)

1.

The

influenceof

words from

adjoining tribes is also felt.

kumalantro. sun

Iridikibe

God

Almighty

Iriratro sun

Iroli stool

hichira light

nionontro. _ sun sidilatro sun maleweri thunder wigira a bench blikaite quick (13)

1.

Sometimes

foreign

words

are

compounded.

chibo sheeporgoat chibo ngobo_ _ lamb preyasie prayer preyasiejuye_ church

(14)

1.

Sometimes

unrelated

words

are

combined

to

make a new

one:

ko...

koin.

place good

but

together the

meaning

is:

kokoin heaven or"upplace"or"goodplace."

ko place

tibi^n

down

orlow

kinye king kinyekoe kingdom

fio water _{1 ^ ,} fa lake (water's

, { floeokuo \ ^.

okuo eye _J " [ eye)

ko tibi^n earth

Alphonse]

GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 47

lio water

noinko roll (i

duon clothl

,, ^, 1 J \monoinko waves noinko roll (upand down)_J ^"

, fduontibieni pants

tibien downj

duon cloth] , , . . i.. 4.

, . fduonkoim shirt

kom

up _J

med6

meat _{1 j,} • fto hunt

, , , fmedeneaire { ^ ,

neaire tosearchfor_J [ fish

ngutuoe hill ₁ i. , n

, ., , >ngutuoekongruyen ^valley

kongruyen thesteeps_J

jutoe placeofhouses, acity

ju a house

ko place ^

ta across Ikotdbiti theworld

biti

byoroverf

nio wherever jkoniobiti universe

dru conch (shell)

, ,

mruoroe pearl

oro gold _J

,

""

_{.miobadd charcoal}

bada acoal_J ^"

- 8 >niotrako kerosene

ko ^oil J ~

ja self

do smell ^"1

mikara tomake[jadomikaramane perfume

mane

sweet J

ja self

"I

bo body (shapeorform)

[jabosokara ointment

sokara rub J

r g kurukuata_- rubber

kuata

skmf

^., ., ^. , ,,

mbikuata.- abelt

nibi cowJ

toro book torokuata paper

kri tree kringuata lumber

g [ngubuyeduye a steamship

duye canoe_J

no water] , ,

..- _, yachannel

]iye road _J

ngutuo ahill]

no water [ngutuoenote island

te in J

meren salt]

okuo eye [mer6nokuokrf ocean

kri bigJ

(15)

1. Certain

words

are

used both

as

nouns and

as verbs:

sribire work mrore food

kobpre dream yen play

kotu smile ngite... sin

tgmana thirst

48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

^[Bull.162 Examples

Ti sribiremetare I

work

today.

mo

sribitoroya?

Do

you have work?

Ti kobpni bio Ihadabad dream.

Tiwekulebraturikobore Isawa snakein

my

dream.

Mroredotro Eatquickly.

Mro

nefiakare koin This foodisnogood.

Kotu

chiti ben Smilewithme.

Kgtu

bonuore

Your

smileis beautiful.

Tomana

tie I thirstor I

am

thirsty.

Mo tomana

nainya? Did you quench yourthirst?

Mun

^tauyen nio?

What

playis this?

Naka

yenmeri seben Don't playwith that

woman.

Ti ngite

Ngobo

okuobitibro kri_

My

^{sin in} God'ssightisgreat.

S'akarengite

Ngobo

boto

Do

notsinagainst God.

(16)

1.

Certain verbs and nouns

are

not

interchangeable

without

the additionof a

word

or

a change

of syllable:

muri6 air brasoku ^bottle

soku blow kringu box

ngonfnke fear tare love

Example: Tiwe

mo

tare I loveyou.

To be

able to say:

"My

lovefor

you

^isgreat,"

add ja

to tare.

Example: Tiwejatare

mo

ben kri I

am

greatly inlovewith you.

nankwenko

fly toen look

jaduyere hate du war

jioro iron osulin thunder

tikeko cut

In English we

say, "It

thunders"

or

"The thunder

rolls."

In

Valiente, for "It

thunders".

_ osulin kite (literally,

"The Old

Man throws",

that is,

"The thunder

rolls."

dikeko walk bucha knife

driere

show

ngubuore keep

ngrukete shake ketete hold

jak6mfke murder to

mind