entertains his father’s mistaken belief that he has won the lottery. In addition to portraying multiple elderly actors and the effects of alcoholism in later life,Nebraskaillustrates the principles of vali- dation therapy (i.e., the caregiver’s acceptance of the truth experienced by an older person with cognitive impairment).45In television,Derek(2012–2014) is a fictional documentary-style com- edy–drama set within a British nursing home. Directed and written by its star, Ricky Gervais,Derek is remarkable for its highly sympathetic portrayal of healthy older age as well as neurological dis- orders including Alzheimer’s dementia and autism.
Films focusing onaging and artistic creativityincludeThe Last Station(2009, starring Chris- topher Plummer and Helen Mirren), which recounts 19th-century Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy’s last days.A Late Quartet(2012) stars Christopher Walken as a renowned cellist who develops Par- kinson’s disease and must decide whether the effects of physiotherapy and pharmacotherapy will permit him to play his final concert.Amour (2012) portrays the debilitating effects of multiple strokes on a retired piano teacher and her elderly caregiver husband (it also received the 2012 Cannes Palme d’Or and an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film).
As in writing and literature, a growing interest in Alzheimer’s dementia has given rise to the dementia film.Films in this subgenre includeIris(2001, starring Jim Broadbent and Judy Dench as author Iris Murdoch),The Iron Lady (2011, starring Meryl Streep as former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), The Savages (2007, starring Philip Seymour Hoffman), and Oscar-nominatedAway From Her(2006, starring Julie Christie and Gordon Pinsent), an adapta- tion of Alice Munro’s short story “The Bear Came Over The Mountain” (see “Writing and Literature”). While mainstream films have helped improve the visibility of Alzheimer’s and other dementias, critics have faulted their tendency to focus on“the selfhood of the figures surrounding the character with dementia, rather than on those suffering from it”.46
Short filmscan bridge the gap between entertainment and education because of their ability to tell a visually striking narrative within a limited timeframe. Hayley Morris’sUndone(2009) depicts the often incomprehensible life-world of dementia in a five-minute stop-animation film; the des- olate image of an elderly man adrift in a boat, fishing for and recovering strange objects from the water, symbolizes the profound sense of isolation consequent to memory loss (Figure 5.12).
Documentariesoften serve the dual purpose of education and advocacy through non-fictional studies of the lived experience of aging.“Greedy for Life,”an episode of Laurie Schur’sBeauty of Age Documentary Project, features interviews with creative, active women over eighty. Late-life creativity is explored in greater depth in the Oscar-nominatedCutie and the Boxer(2013), which follows the lives of aging experimental visual artists Ushio and Noriko Shinohara.Young@Heart (2007) tells the story of a popular Massachusetts choral group whose hits include covers of Jimi Hendrix, the Ramones, and Coldplay (its youngest member is 73).
The role of advocacy is especially apparent in documentaries focusing on the challenges of aging.
You’re Looking at Me Like I Live Here And I Don’t(2010) is the first documentary filmed exclu- sively in a dementia care unit and provides a first-hand perspective into dementia by focusing on the day-to-day life of resident Lee Gorewitz, who also narrates much of the film (Figure 5.13).
Similarly,Penelope: The Documentary47is an account of“a collaborative effort to dramatically raise the bar on activities in long-term care,”which resulted in the professional staging of the story of Penelope from the ancient Greek epicOdysseyat a Wisconsin nursing home (www.thepenelope- project.com).Penelope portrays both the successful realization and the tremendous challenges of launching a multi-year project involving discussion groups, movement exercises, visual art, stor- ies, and music.
Therapeutic uses of film for older adults
Compared to other art forms, film is only occasionally applied in the therapeutic setting and rarely with older adults. The psychotherapeutic use of commercial films or cinematherapy was first
92 Andrea Charise and Margaret L. Eginton
described by Berg-Cross, Jennings, and Barusch48as a means of improving mindfulness, self-reflec- tion, communication, and mental health education, and some empirical evidence exists to support its effectiveness. Feinstein, Duff, and Tranel49found that patients with severe amnesia continued to experience elevated levels of emotion (happiness or sadness) following their viewing of either a happiness- or sadness-inducing film clip, suggesting the possibility of using film to enhance cog- nitive well-being.
Digital storytellingis a more established application of film and related media for therapeu- tic uses (http://storycenter.org). Digital storytelling often takes the form of a short, first- person video narrative accompanied by music, photos, and moving images.50Organizations like StoryCorps and StoryCenter are committed to preserving the digital stories of multiple generations; The “All Together Now” project, for example, invites persons with direct recollections of the American Civil Rights Movement (1950s and 1960s) to record and upload their story onto a dedicated website for the benefit of present and future generations.
SAGE Story is a national digital storytelling program for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgen- der (LGBT) older adults; it uses digital storytelling as a means of strengthening social networks and support for LGBT-identified older people. Initiatives of this sort may help offset the effects of social isolation, low income, and other detriments to physical and mental well-being.
In the health setting, patient stories are now understood as key to understanding the experience of illness and diversifying broader cultural narratives of aging.51The UK organization Patient Voices have begun digitally recording and archiving stories in patients’ own words; in a study of seven patients with early-stage dementia, Stenhouse et al.52concluded that the process of creat- ing digital stories led to positive changes in participants’interactive skills, self-expression, and sense of identity.
Despite a current paucity of empirical data, preliminary explorations indicate the need for and promise of further research concerning the use of film as a therapeutic intervention for older people.
Figure 5.12 Still from Hayley Morris’sUndone[short film] (2012). (Reprinted with permission of the artist).
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