CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
E. Technique of Data Analysis
3. Hypothesis Analysis
Based on the formulation of the problem in this research, independent t- test analysis was used to analyze the data for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd hypothesis. While, for the 4th hypothesis, two ways Anova 2x2 with formula unweighted means was used.
Hypothesis 1
Ho : The students who are taught by using KWL strategy will not get significantly higher result in reading speed of hortatory exposition text than those who are taught by using strategy Three-phase strategy at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan.
Ha : The students who are taught by using KWL strategy get significantly higher result in reading speed of hortatory exposition text than those who are taught by using strategy Three-phase strategy at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan.
Or its statistics hypothesis could be written as follow:
Hypothesis 2 Ho : μA1= μA2
Ha : μA1≠μA2
Where :
μ : Students’ reading speed
A1: Teaching by using KWL strategy A2: Teaching by using Three-Phase strategy
Ho : The students who have high reading attitude who are taught by using KWL strategy will not significantly get higher result in reading speed of hortatory exposition text than those who are taught by using Three-phase strategy at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan
Ha : The students who have high reading attitude who are taught by using KWL strategy get significantly higher result in reading speed of hortatory exposition text than those who are taught by using Three-phase strategy at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan
Or its statistics hypothesis could be written as follow:
Hypothesis 3
Ho : The students who have low reading attitude who are taught by using KWL strategy do not get higher result in reading speed of hortatory exposition text than those who are taught by using Three Phase strategy at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan Ha : The students who have low reading attitude who are taught by
using KWL straetgy get significantly higher result in reading speed of hortatory exposition text than those who are taught by using Ho : μB1A1= μB1A2
Ha : μB1A1≠μB1A2
Where :
μ : Students’ reading speed
B1 : Students who have high reading attitude A1: Teaching by using KWL strategy A2: Teaching by using Three-Phase strategy
Three Phase strategy at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan
Or its statistics hypothesis could be written as follow:
As those three hypotheses used independent t-test analysis, so, the average test scores of two classes were compared to determine the effectiveness of the strategy. The use of t-test for 1st, 2nd and 3rd hypothesis were in order to find out the truth of assumption on the research hypothesis (Siregar, 2012:124). While, the use of independent t-test was chosen because the data of reading speed in this research came from different sample with different treatment. The formula of independent t-test can be seen as follow:
(Sudjana, 1996:239)
Where:
x
1 : Mean of sample 1x
2 : Mean of sampel 2 S12 : Variance of sampel 1 S22 : Variance of sampel 2 n1 : Number of sampel 1 n2 : Number of sampel 2.Ho : μB2A1= μB2A2
Ha : μB2A1≠μB2A2
Where :
μ : Students’ reading speed
B2 : Students who have low reading attitude A1: Teaching by using Three-Phase strategy A2: Teaching by using KWL strategy
From the calculation of ttest, toserved is compared with ttable by using level significance 0,05. If the tobserved is equal to or greater than ttable value, then the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. It means that the research hypothesis (Ha) is statistically accepted. In other words, if the tobserved is smaller than ttable value, then the null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted and the research hypothesis (Ha) is statistically rejected (Gay and Airasian, 2009:74)
While, for the 4th hypothesis, the researcher would use two ways ANOVA (Ferguson, 1976:256). Two ways ANOVA would be used to test the comparative hypothesis for samples that are correlated and can be differentiated into two, and also estimate their interaction (Siregar, 2012:292). So, it would be used to know the interaction between strategy used and attitude of students’ on reading speed.
Factorial design would be used unweighted means method because of experimental and control classes had different samples. Unweighted mean method is a method that used to synchronize the data from different samples in each class.
Hypothesis 4
Ho : There is no interaction between teaching strategies (KWL and Three-phase strategy) and students’ reading attitude toward students’ reading speed of hortatory exposition text at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan
Ha : There is any interaction between teaching strategies (KWL and Three-phase strategy) and students’ reading attitude toward
students’ reading speed of hortatory exposition text at second grade students of SMAN 1 Curup Selatan
Or its statistics hypothesis could be written as follow:
In applying unweighted mean method, the steps were 1) Calculated of harmonic mean from frequency cell
=
2) Calculated average each cell from row (attitude) and column (strategy)
C1 C2
R1 T1
R2 T2
T1 T2
Where:
R1 : High Reading Attitude R2 : Low Reading Attitude
C1 : Teaching and learning reading by using KWL
C2 : Teaching and learning reading by using Three-Phase Strategy T1 : Total average value of students who have high reading attitude
that are taught by using KWL strategy and Three-Phase Strategy Ho : μA1B1= μA1B2 = μA2B1 = μA2B2
Ha : One of the averages is not same Where :
μ : Students’ reading speed
B1 : Students who have high reading attitude B2 : Students who have low reading attitude A1: Teaching by using KWL strategy A2: Teaching by using Three-Phase strategy
T2 : Total average value of students who have low reading attitude that are taught by using KWL strategy and Three-Phase Strategy X1 : Total of average value of students who have low and high
reading attitude that are taught by using KWL strategy
X2 : Total of average value of students who have low and high reading attitude that are taught by using Three-Phase Strategy X : Average value of students who have high reading attitude that are
taught by using KWL strategy
X : Average value of students who have high reading attitude that are taught by using Three-Phase Strategy
X : Average value of students who have low reading attitude that are taught by using KWL strategy
X : Average value of students who have low reading attitude that are taught by using Three-Phase Strategy
X : average score of four groups of high and low students’ reading attitude who are taught through KWL Strategy and Three-Phased Strategy
T : sum of average score of four groups of high and low students’
reading attitude who are taught through KWL Strategy and Three-Phased Strategy
3) Then, to calculate total square, it was used the formula as follow:
Row : (Reading Attitude)
Column (Teaching Strategies)
Interaction
Within cell
∑.
∑.
1 1
∑ ∑ ∑ x ∑ ∑
Table 9. Analysis of Two Ways Anova Classification with n is Different (Maryunis, 2007: 322) Where:
: Harmonic mean : Number of row : Number of column
Tr : Number of average row to r, where r = 1.2 Tc : Number of average column to c, where c = 1.2
: Average of all values of row and column T : Number of average value of two groups
For the fourth hypothesis, Ho is accepted if Fobserved < Ftable and rejected if Fobserved> Ftable, with degree of freedom degree (dk) = (n1+ n2– 2). It means that if Ho accepted, the data of students’ reading speed have normal distribution or there is no effect of KWL strategy and students’ reading attitude toward students reading speed.
But, if Ha is accepted where Fobserved> Ftable, with degree of freedom degree (dk) = (n1+ n2– 2). It means that there is interaction between the teaching
Source of
variation SS DF Prediction
Row (Reading
Attitude) ∑. R-1
Column (Teaching
Strategy)
∑.
C-1
Interaction ∑ ∑. ∑. ∑. (R-1)
(C-1)
Within Cell ∑ ∑ ∑ x ∑ ∑ N-RC
strategies and students’ reading attitude toward the students’ reading speed. Then, if Ha is accepted the data analysis will be continue further (Post Hoc) with Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Test or can be called as Tukey’s Test. Tukey’s Test is done to find out the benefit of one of the teaching strategy in giving effect toward students’ reading speed who have: (a) high reading attitude and being taught by using KWL strategy and Three Phase strategy and (b) low reading attitude and being taught by using KWL strategy and Three Phase strategy with level of significance 0.05. This Tukey’s test only can be done for two groups with the same total of participants. The calculation of Tukey’s test will be helped by using Post Hoc Test for Tukey of SPSS 17 for Windows. The formula can be seen as follow:
Q h = =
Where :