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THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE
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REVERSE LOGISTIC
Among the environmentally correct actions, carried out between the companies in the retail supermarket, follow- up, are included the use of recyclable packaging, encouraging the practice of selective waste collection, the prevention of waste of natural resources such as water and electricity, among others (Parente & Gelman, 2006).
In fact, the retail supermarket is increasing its accountability to the consumer and the environment. Companies that adopt the environmentally friendly practices are recognized by the consumer, thus creating a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Another result from actions for these factors, the retailers that operate in the supermarket area, is increased business profitability, thus generating economic benefits.Companies are the main users of natural resources and also the responsible for global economic development (Junior & Rizzo, 2010).
With the changes over time, especially since the industrial revolution, organizations began to produce consumer items on a large scale, greatly increasing the amount and diversity of waste generated in urban areas (Motta, 2011). Thus, there was the need to create an alternative to process these waste.
The scarcity of raw materials and increasing public awareness regarding the preservation of the environment, along with the idea of being against waste, are some of the factors behind the development of reverse logistics (Rodrigues, 2002). International companies are adopting reverse logistics techniques and evaluating inventory organizational methods, so that the demand is met by manufactured materials, meeting the needs of consumers and effective way of contributing to the environment (Reyes & Meade, 2006).
According to Braga Junior, Merlo & Nagano (2009), in the supermarket retail reverse logistics can emerge as a new possibility of gain, and generate a great image for the company, assuming the role of environmentally friendly company. In addition, reverse logistics also assists in the performance of the organization, leading to recovery than was generated and would be discarded, helping to reduce the environmental and social impacts of waste generated by this sector also incorporating the social and economic aspects (Santos et al, 2014).
Braga Junior & Rizzo (2010) also explain the importance of reverse logistics in the supermarket sector, from the perspective of contributing to the reduction of social and environmental impacts, providing the opportunity to recycle paper, plastic, cardboard, pallets, and other products coming from suppliers to supermarkets, allowing the emergence of a secondary market that generates direct and indirect jobs.
According to Rossi and Cullen (2011), reverse logistics, when applied, can bring economic advantages due to the values of the products with original costs before the values of the returned products, and recycled products have a significantly lower value compared to the cost of the original item . In this respect, some German companies use reverse logistics model to maximize your profits, arising from the sale of materials that can be recycled, thus generating a financial return for the organization (Reyes & Meade, 2006).
According to Horvath, Autry & Wilcox (2005), the amount, timing and uncertainty of retailers in cash flows from operations affect the size and dynamics of its liquidity position. Since the returned products can represent a significant percentage of sales, even during periods of low peak return, the reverse logistics activities play an important role in the calculation of expected cash flows, both directly and indirectly.
Leite (2003) analyzes the reverse logistics in the supermarket sector is made up of four main elements: industry;
retail; and the final consumer; the secondary market (represented by the recycling companies). These elements interact with each other making the purchase and sale transactions, where the retail purchase the finished products industry and resell it to the final consumer. The reverse flow is given from the consumer, who reviews the packaging for retail and it sells to the secondary market, which, in turn, sell the recycled material for the industry, thus restarting the cycle.
Over time, the Reverse Logistic concept has had some modifications. However one of the main settings is given by Rogers & Tibben-Lembke (1999) where the reverse logistics encompasses all logistical procedures of a company, but in the opposite direction, belonging to the two only the concepts of recycling and removal of waste and the administration of returns.
Authors such as Daher, Silva & Fonseca (2006); Rossi and Cullen (2011) cite the reverse logistics definition given by Tibben-Lembke (1999), as "the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient flow and cost of raw materials, work in process, product finished and information related from the point of consumption to the point of origin, relating the operations by reusing products and materials ", and this definition
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is considered one of the most effective as regards the concept of reverse logistics. Being the most complete existing definition, you can find it in several studies with approaches under the theme.
According Horvath, Autry & Wilcox (2005) reverse logistics is not optional, but mandatory. Nevertheless, many companies still do not deploy due to difficulties or even disinterest (Daher, Silva & Fonseca, 2006).
For the implementation of reverse logistics is efficient and generate expected returns UPS Consulting (2004) states that in the first place, we must develop strong reverse logistics strategies, secondly, clearly outline the financial goals, corporate, marketing and others.
The main factors that lead organizations to act in reverse logistics, presented by a group of researchers in universities worldwide, known as RevLog, quoted by Daher, Silva & Fonseca (2006), are: 1) environmental laws; 2) economic benefits and obtained; 3) the growing environmental awareness of consumers. In addition to these, Rogers & Tibben-Lembke (1999) also point to other reasons, which are: 1) competitive reasons; 2) cleaning of the distribution channel; 3) profit margin of protection and; 4) recapture value and asset recovery.
Reverse logistics has been recognized as the area of logistics business that plans, operates and controls the flow and logistic information corresponding to the return of after-sales and post-consumer goods to the production cycle, through reverse distribution channels, adding Them value of various kinds: economic, ecological, cool, logistics, corporate image, among others (Leite, 2002).
The concept also gets a new feature, the also be part of a strategic planning that should be treated as an independent activity, turning their attention to their individual management (Daher, Silva & Fonseca, 2006). UPS Consulting (2004), also has reverse logistics as other business, with goals, objectives, IT resources, individual, and specific staff and responsible for the implementation and development of the business.
For some authors as: Hazen et. al. (2014), Rossi & Cullen (2011) reverse logistics is also recognized as a key issue in the context of management of the supply chain, leading to gaining a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Internationally, Kokkinaki, Dekker, Koster & Pappis (2001), dealing with the reverse logistics as a factor that has become popular over the years due to environmental sensitivity, which is constantly growing and also to economic factors linked to it . These authors also address legal issues related to reverse logistics, strong, especially in some European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands. The laws present in these countries requires the manufacturer to develop a product reuse policy at the end of their life cycle. In the US, reverse logistics has its greatest strength linked to economic issues. The potential value that can be recovered from the reuse and recycling of products is significant (Kokkinaki; Dekker; Koster & Pappis, 2001).
Nationally and internationally, reverse logistics has been present for years in the concepts and business practices, updating itself as the conditions imposed by the macro and micro environment in which they operate.
RECYCLING AND SOLID WASTE REUSE
Most of the products used are thrown or incinerated, causing considerable damage to the environment. Currently, more stringent legislation and the growing support of actions in environmental education, are driving companies to think on their responsibility for their products after use (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 1999).
According to Motta (2011) the word recycling was introduced to the international vocabulary when it was found that the sources of oil and other non-renewable raw materials were (and are) running out. Still to this author, recycling it is a reverse channel revaluation, where members of materials post-consumer product discarded are extracted industrially, turning into secondary raw materials, ie not directly taken from nature, or recycled, and which are then incorporated into the manufacture of new products. Recycling is save energy, save natural resources, bringing back the productive cycle which was thrown out/discarded.
Gonçalves (2003) classifies three-step processes of the production chain of recycling: recovery, encompassing the residue separation processes at source, selective collection, pressing, baling; revaluation, comprising the processes of processing materials such as milling and extrusion and, finally, the processing; that is recycling itself, transforming the materials recovered and reclaimed in a new product.
For Mano, Pacheco & Bonelli (2005), the recycling constitutes in the disintegration products particles incorporated into the soil. The potential benefits of recycling include: a) "Reduction in the consumption of non-
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renewable natural resources, when replaced by recycled waste; b) Reduction of energy consumption during the production process c) Reduction of pollution "(John, 2000) and d)" Reduction of areas required to landfill as waste is used again as consumer goods "(Pinto, 1999) .
The issue of recycling and reuse of products that would be discarded and the remains that arise over the activities of the retail supermarket, shall create a reverse flow (Braga Junior, Merlo & Nagano, 2009). The reverse flow of goods, which were not consumed, it becomes an important tool for the sustainability of organizations (Braga Junior & Rizzo, 2010).
Authors such as Gonçalves (2003) and Mano, Pacheco & Bonelli (2005) explain that reduce the generation of waste, reusing and recycling, is part of the clean production targets and cleaner production initially employed by the industry and today has been disseminated by various sectors for business. Meet the demands imposed by the National Solid Waste Policy - PNRS, Law No. 12,305 / 2010, it increased investment in technology is needed in education and knowledge management. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1997) cited Marchi (2011) is great the importance of generating beliefs, commitments, situations and appropriate interactions, so that the information is converted into knowledge, and can move enhancing behaviors and attitudes.
The PNRS sets standards requiring major market players to provide a suitable destination for solid waste, which is generated in the manufacturing and after consumption of various goods. Thus, one must have a means that enables the return of products and post-consumer packaging for the industry to adopt the processes and the most suitable procedures to recover the waste with the lowest environmental impact.
METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
Whereas the objective of the research was to demonstrate the environmental benefits and the importance of environmental education in the implementation of reverse logistics in the retail supermarket, a study was conducted in the city of Tupã / SP - Brazil, using a supermarket to measure volumes and types of waste that are collected by means of reverse logistics.
To measure and achieve this purpose, the method of analysis of the environmental advantages developed by the Wuppertal Institute, allows the assessment of environmental changes associated with the extraction of resources from their natural ecosystems. Thus, to supply the material flow to a system, a greater amount of material previously processed in various environmental compartments. The compartments are classified as: abiotic, biotic, water and air (Ritthoff, Rohn & Liedtke, 2002).
For conversion of the volumes of data through the Wuppertal method,the table 1 is the means by which the results were obtained and exposed in the survey, where the monthly volume of solid waste generated in kilograms (kg) are multiplied by the corresponding value in the table by so the data for analysis.
Table 1. Conversion table.
Abiotic Material Biotic Material Water Air
Plastic (g/g) a 6,45 294,20 3,72
Paperboard (g/g)b 1,86 0,75 93,60 0,33 Source: Ritthoff, Rohn & Liedtke (2002)
The abiotic and biotic material which fields are left the organization of generating the environment in kg and the water and air fields, representing how much longer polluted the environment with the practice of Reverse Logistic (kg).
It is important to note that studies of intensity material developed at the Wuppertal Institute are based on the energy mix in Germany, Europe and World. But that fact does not preclude the implementation of this methodological tool in Brazil, according to the institute quantitative data are very close.
Based on the research problem and the overall goal, the theoretical review of the issues the survey was conducted. Continuing, a field research was done to learn about the process implemented by the research supermarket object and made the collected data from your reverse logistics process research was conducted over the period of six months was made through weekly monitoring and with the aid of a spreadsheet to record the data. With the collected data, they were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively measuring the environmental benefits generated by the process.
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The quantitative nature, measured the environmental advantage of the implementation of reverse logistics in the research object supermarket, allowing develop the case study. Qualitative research, characterized as an attempt to detailed understanding of the meanings and situational characteristics presented by the interviewees and the cases analyzed, (Yin, 2003), allowed the research observed with depth the deployment process of reverse logistics and the environmental education process that became part of the staff of the supermarket everyday.
ANALYSIS AND SEARCH RESULTS
The supermarket object of research covers an area of 1,300m² with 12 checkouts and records an average monthly flow 45,000-47,000 thousand people. The consumer audience focuses mainly on consumers of classes A and B.
However, we also meet the needs of consumers of classes C and D, generating a doctor ticket of approximately R$ 53.00. Having a favorable layout for the purchase decision, is the only city that offers services and differentiated products, such as telephone shopping service and a wide range of imported products.
Through environmental education process and waste separation, reverse logistics was established less than a year and became part of the local management. With the beginning of the study, began the separation of waste generated, and a more focused management in this process, where waste such as plastic and cardboard are separated into bags and sector (grocery/replacement; cold cuts; butcher; and vegetable garden and fruit).
As previously stated, the retailer makes the separation of different waste bags of plastic and cardboard that is collected by the matrix of the network that is responsible for collecting these waste all branches to only after pressing and sell. This type of process can allow greater efficiency to the retailer therefore focuses volume and processing cost (Braga Junior, Merlo & Nagano, 2009).
Throughout the data collection, we could perceive the influence of seasonality on the waste generated, and in the months of November and December, there was a large increase, mainly in the replacement and crafts fair sector, due to the year-end shopping, where the use of general products is significantly higher.
With the implementation of reverse logistic within six months, it was noted that overall, the object of research failed to generate supermarket 56,829.00 kg abiotic material, in other words, it is not transformed into the environment over time, and 18,161.00 kg biotic materials (which can be transformed into the environment) as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Overall amount of material generated by the research object supermarket.
Abiotic Material Biotic Material Water Air
Plastic (g/g) a 11,789.35 537,740.50 6,804.92
Paperboard (g/g)b 45,039.90 18,161.25 2,266,524.00 7,869.88 Total 56,829.25 18,161.25 2,804,264.50 14,674.80
Also in table 2 shows that the practice of reverse logistics the company no longer pollute 2,788,434.80 liters of water and 14474.49 kg of air, and this relation is the time of manufacture of the materials, quantity water and air are polluted to its making.
To observe more precisely the generation of plastic and cardboard of each sector in the supermarket, individual volumes will be presented. Table 3 you can check the amount of waste generated by the replacement sector. This sector accounts for all dry area encompassing the supermarket grocery departments, bakery, bazaar, textiles and electronics (Parente, 2000).
The replacement sector accounts for approximately 60% of production abiotic material, 58% of production biotic material, 60% by non-pollution of water and 62% by not polluting the air.
The sheer volume of material generated by this sector is due to large amount of consumed products, due to environmental awareness by industries, are being provided increasingly environmentally friendly packaging, cardboard and plastic.
Table 3. Amount of material generated by the replacement sector
Abiotic
Material
Biotic
Material Water Air
Plastic (g/g) a 7,572.30 345,390.
80
4,37 0.80 Paperboard
(g/g)b 26,209.26 10,568.25 1,318,91
7.60
4,57 9.58
Total 33,781.56 10,568.25
1,664,30 8.40
8,95 0.38
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The involvement of this sector do not stop there. Most employees involved in separation and loading the bags in the trucks are in this sector. This involvement by staff results in environmental education, since in practice, with the separation and loading of waste, learn the importance and necessity of proper management of these materials, which contribute to the preservation of the environment.
Table 4. Amount of material generated by the cold cuts sector
Abiotic
Material
Biotic
Material Water Air
Plastic (g/g) a 1,935.00 88,260.
00
1,11 6.90 Paperboard
(g/g)b 4,603.50 1,856.25 231,66
0.00
804.
38
Total 6,538.50 1,856.25
319,92 0.00
1,92 1.28
Among all sectors, the cold cuts sector is the least generate waste (Table 4). Once you arrive, the cartons are separated and discarded. The products are cooled only in the plastic packaging, or are arranged on the shelves chilled for consumption. All chilled products such as yoghurts and embedded, are provided in cardboard and plastic-coated packaging. The type of material is more resistant due to the character of the product and often, the very light supplier packaging to be reused. This does not happen when the packaging is damaged and ends up in the retailer to be discarded. As there is direct involvement of employees to separate packaging, the issue of environmental education is also present in this sector, as well as in others.
Table 5. Amount of material generated by the sector Butcher
Abiotic
Material
Biotic
Material Water Air
Plastic (g/g) a 1,612.50 73,550.
00
930.
75 Paperboard
(g/g)b 7,354.44 2,965.50 370,09
4.40
1,28 5.05
Total 8,966.94 2,965.50
443,64 4.40
2,21 5.80
The butcher takes second place in the matter of amount of waste generated (Table 5). This is due to packaging of goods, not necessarily referring only to the consumption factor. The products come packaged in thicker cardboard boxes, and plastic-coated. Thus, due to the cold camera, which humidifies the package in the thaw, and the thickness of the container, the weight of the bags are superior when compared to other sectors, which are thinner and without moisture packaging.
The Farmer’s Market (Table 6) is a sector that deals with grocery products in general, and due to seasonality of these products, there was some consumption peaks during the research. The increase in consumption was significant in December, which doubled due to end of year festivities.
Table 6. Amount of material generated by the sector of Farmer’s Market
Abiotic
Material
Biotic
Material Water Air
Plastic (g/g) a 683.70 31,185.
20
394.
64 Paperboard
(g/g)b 6,872.70 2,771.25 345,85
2.00
1,20 0.88
Total 7,556.40 2,771.25
377,03 7.20
1,59 5.51
Another relevant fact is that the packaging of fruits and vegetables are being gradually replaced. What was wood, now come in plastic boxes and return to the suppliers to be reused. However, this type of supply still occurs with some of the products such as carrots, oranges, lettuce, cabbage, potatoes, bananas, onions and that