CHAPTHER III G. Research Methods
8. Instruments of Research
The instrument is one of the tools used by researchers in collecting research data. In this case, the researcher used the following instruments:
a. Observation
Observation is a method used by a researcher to retrieve data in the form of observations about the phenomena that are the target of observation. In this case the researcher made observations of the activities of students and teachers in the teaching and learning process.51
Table2.
Teachers’ Activity
No. ACTIVITIES OBSERVED Score
1 2 3 4
1. The teacher delivers the theme or title of the reading text.
2. The teacher give a lecture or audio recording about the text that they will be read .
3. The teacher asks students to read
51Yusanti Elfa, The Influence in Using Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) toward Students’ Reading Comprehension on Narrative Text of The First Semester of The Eleventh Grade, English Journal, (Bandar Lampung: SMA Perintis, 2017),p. 30−31
29 the reading text.
4. The teacher ask students to mark the important things that are found in the reading.
5. The students are divided into groups of each group consisting of six or seven students
6. The asks students to discuss the main points or ideas of the reading text.
7. The teacher asks for volunteers to present the result of their discussion aloud in front of the class.
8. The teacher asks other students about the right answer about the main ideas of each paragraph.
Total Score Mean
Table4.
Students’ Activity
No. ACTIVITIES OBSERVED Score
1 2 3 4
1. Students listen to presentations information conveyed by the teacher about the text.
2. Students listen lectures or audio recordings of reading texts.
3. Students read the reading text.
4. Students mark the important things found in the reading.
5. Students look for group friends that have been shared by the teacher.
6. Students discuss with their groups.
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7. Volunteers from students present the results of their discussions in front of the class.
8. Students answer questions about main idea of each paragraph with the correct answer.
Total score Mean Note :
Information:
Score
If there is no activity the students’ is given a score of 0
If there is partly activity the students’ is given a score of 1
If more activities are not carried out the students’is given a score of 2
If more activities are carried out the students’ is given a score of 3
If the activities carried out by the students’ are full, they are given a score of 4
Formulation:
Mean= S Score
Max Score× 100
Table5.
The interpretation of students’ score Activity.
Score Category
> 80 Excellent
> 75 Good
> 60 Fair
< 55 Poor
31 b) Test
The test aims to take student learning outcomes. The test is very helpful to determine student achievement in studying learning materials. In this study, the researcher used a test to measure how far the students’ progress after doing the activity and how the application of the Listen Read Discuss (LRD) strategy can develop their reading skills. The type of test used in this study is a subjective test in the form of a free description. In this case, the researcher uses WH questions. WH questions are questions that begin with WH words such as "where", "why",
"who", "when", and "how".52 The description questions used are 5 questions with the provision bellow:
The Criteria of reading assesment is adopted by Snow, Grifin, & Burns,2005. The Aspect of criteria bellow:
Table6.53 Criteria of assessments
Aspect of Reading Assesment Score
Reading Skill 4 3 2 1
a. Automaticity and rapid word recognition
b. Vocabulary knowledge c. Main-ideas comprehension d. Recall of relevant details e. Inferences about text
information
f. Summarization abilities Note :
Category: Score
Excellent 4
Good 3 Sufficient 2
52 Habib, Civic Reading Comprehension..., p. 136.
53 Snow, Griffin, & Burns, An Understanding ……., p. 357.
32 Less 1
In addition, to find out whether there was an increase in students' reading ability, the researcher used Brown's reading assessment rubric. After the test, the researcher processed the data using descriptive statistics with the aim of knowing the improvement of students' reading skills using the Listen Read Discuss (LRD) Strategy. The formula used by researchers to determine student scores is the percentage formula. The criteria for success depend on the passing grade (KKM) for English subjects at MA Asy-Syafiiyah, which is 75.To analyze the quantitative data, he researcher uses formula below:
1) To obtain the individual score of Reading test, the researcher used formula
Score :
= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡× 100
To know the criteria of students score, it can be classify as follow;
Table7.
The interpretation of students’ score.54
Persentase of scores Criterion
81-100 Excellent
61-80 Good
41-60 Fair
21-40 Poor
10-20 Bad
Students are said pass the test if they get a score 75 or more than 75 because of the criterion minimum of mastery in this school is 75.
54Rosma Hartiny, “Model Penelitian Tindakan Kelas”, (Yogyakarta: Teras, 2010), p. 94.
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2) The formula to calculate the students average x = ∑ x
N
Explanation:
∑ x= Total of students’ Score N = Total of Subject
x = Average
3) The formula to calculate the students’ classical Achievement is PC= N
S × 100 % Explanation:
PC= Percentage of achievement
N= The total of students that get more ≥ 75 S= Number of Students’ in the class.55 b. Documentation
Documentation is a record of events that have passed.
Documentation is needed by researchers as a complement to research data. These documents are in the form of student grade data, books, Madrasah profiles, learning tools, Madrasah documentation, learning photos and other data that support this research.