CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
B. Theoretical Bases
2. Jigsaw Technique
a. Definition of Jigsaw technique
There were many types of cooperative learning, one of them is Jigsaw technique. Aronson was a person who develops Jigsaw technique as cooperative learning. Haryanto said that in jigsaw technique the students do the learning process by cooperating with each other to achieve a goal.28
In the other hand, Gladstone states that Jigsaw technique is a strategy of cooperative learning where the groups of students become specialist in different subjects, then they teach to another students what they have studied. Here are strategy of learning retention and involvement.29
b. The Stages in Jigsaw Implementation
28Haryanto, “Pengertian Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Jigsaw”, from http://belajarpsikologi.com/model-pembelajaran-kooperatif-jigsaw/4. Access on 20 March 2020, at 03.20 AM.
29Gladstone, C, “The Jigsaw Method: A Cooperative Learning Strategy”.
http://mindgatemedia.com/lesson/the-jigsaw-method-teaching-studentsto-teach-each-other/.Access on 25 March 2020, at 9.30 PM.
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According to Shlomo Sharan, there are four stages of jigsaw technique:
1). Introduction
The class regulates into some groups by the teacher.
Then, the teacher introduces the materials to the students and helps them to comprehend why they are learning the topic.
How it suitable with what they have done before, and what they will learn in the next. This step is significant to make the students attracted in what they are learning.
2). Focused exploration
The students rearrange to compose focus group. Every members of the group are work together to learn a specific topic. During this step, the students need stimulus to think hard to clarify their ideas and construct understanding together.
3). Reporting and reshaping
The students come back to their goup for take turns to explain what they get in their focus group. During reporting, members of group encouraged to propose the question and discuss the ideas more depth.
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4). Integration and evaluation
The teacher can plan the activity of small group, individual, or whole class. The learners can actively integrate their studying. The teacher will ask question to support students to illustrate what they have worked together and what they have do the same of differently when they work together.30
c. The Positive Effect of Jigsaw Technique
Carolyn Kessler noticed some profits of utilizing jigsaw technique in the classroom.
1) Give times for learners to run in racially and culturally combined groupings.
2) Give a wonderful studying surroundings for the obtaining of language through related content.
3) Encourage the communicative close in language learning.
4) Evolve students’ ability of analysis, collation, assessment, and blend of information.31
The profits stated by Carolyn Kessler are particularly from the learners because as learners have prime task in jigsaw technique
30Slomo Sharan, Handbook of Cooperative Learning Methods, (Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1994), pp. 35-36.
31Carolyn Kessler, Cooperative Language Learning, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 1992), p. 137
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process, learners should receive well in the process. Hence, the atmosphere of studying process that prepares the times for the learners to perform in groups and to divide ideas. in addition, jigsaw technique can also allow the learners to evolve their skills. The benefits are mostly to develop learners’ reading capability in the term of apprehension.
In the other hand, Elliot Aronson also mentioned some positive effect of Jigsaw technique32:
a) Most of teachers discover Jigsaw technique is simple to learn.
b) The teachers feel happy working with Jigsaw technique.
c) Jigsaw can be used with other cooperative learning strategies.
d) It is effective even used only one hour in one day.
e) It is also free for taking.
The profits conclude by Aronson is most of in teachers aspect.
Aronson presumed that Jigsaw technique is the technique that very unpretentious to use, it is also free for taking and most of teachers feel happy working used Jigsaw technique.
d. The Negative effect of Jigsaw Technique
32http://www.jigsaw.org/tips.htm, accessed on 28March 2020, at8.00 PM.
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Elliot Aronson also mentioned some negative effect of Jigsaw technique, such as:
1) The complication of influential student, the self- enthusiasm of the group, finally decreases the problem of dominance.
2) The slow student become the problem, lecturers must make sure that learners with low study abilities do not give substandard information to the jigsaw group.
3) The complication of smart learners becoming disinterested, boredom can be an obstacle in any classroom, nevertheless of the studying technique being adopted.
4) The matter of learners who have been educated to compete, it can appear when the learners have already gone through the cooperative learning previously.33
The disadvantages are generally identified in the learners because each learner anyway has different site of perspective in studying reading skill. The boredom, the capability to compete, and the weakness to work in groups might disturb the application of jigsaw technique. Furthermore, if learners discover jigsaw technique is something that new for them, it might pick up very
33http://www.jigsaw.org/tips.htm, accessed on 01 April 2020, at 09.00 PM.
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long time to receive aware with jigsaw technique so the boredom might appear. According drawbacks noticed above, teachers who want to used jigsaw technique should provide for all of the probability that may happen.