Different recommendations are given for the use of semi-automatic camera systems for load monitoring in sport:
Semi-automatic camera systems have characteristics than must be known previous to their use in professional sport.
All of the commercial models of semi-automatic camera systems were assessed for validity and/or reliability and reported as acceptable instruments for monitoring at least some kind of soccer performance analysis.
The FIFA certificate provides us with rigorous information about the operation of the system in soccer, and only ChyronHego® and Track 160® have obtained it.
The greatest advantage of semi-automatic camera systems was their accuracy and the reliability of the data obtained with strict manufacturers’ recommendations.
The greatest disadvantage of semi-automatic camera systems was their high cost and the complexity of their operation and data extraction.
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3 Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, José Pino-Ortega, Markel Rico-González and Alejandro Bastida- Castillo
Introduction
The development of GNSS has been possible thanks to the creation of atomic clocks that are basic for satellite navigation. The principle by which atomic clocks work was developed by the Nobel laureate Isidor Rabi (Rabi et al., 1938). Its development has allowed the precise measurement of the length of time it takes a radio signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. The first satellite navigation system was called “TRANSIT” and was developed and used by the United States Navy with five satellites. Later, this system was replaced by the Global Positioning System (GPS) designed by the defense department of the United States of America, being its application to provide navigation capacity to military forces by land, sea and air under all weather conditions (Misra and Enge, 1999).
Although its first application was in the military field, this system has been beneficial for use in the civil area for recreation, vehicle control, air and maritime navigation and topographic actions, and also for sports science (Larsson, 2003). The first approach to use GPS in sports was made by the GARMIN company for the measurement of human locomotion in 1997 (Schutz and Chambaz, 1997). At this time, GPS was the only operational tracking system and the Department of Defense of the United States had intentionally degraded its accuracy. From May 2000, the American government eliminated this signal degradation and the precision improved significantly to an estimated error of fewer than 2 meters (Terrier et al., 2000). Currently, there are four constellations of satellites depending on the nations that develop them: (1) GPS, developed by the American government with 32 satellites; (2) GALILEO, developed by the European Union with 21 satellites; (3) GLONASS:
developed by the Russian government with 29 satellites; and (4) BEIDOU, developed by the Chinese government with 15 satellites. However, only GPS and GLONASS can be used as a minimum of 24 satellites are required for valid use, so that tracking devices include single- (GPS) and dual-system (GPS/GLONASS) code receivers (Cornwall, 2008).