(Case : Corridor Segment Area and Gedung Sate Complex’s Axis Node) Angra Angreni
1, Antony Sihombing
2, Achmad Hery Fuad
3Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
1
[email protected],
2[email protected],
3[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Corridor Segment Area and Gedung Sate Complex’s Axis Node are a historic environment which is became the representative to perform the variety of cultural activities. One of type of variety of cultural activities is popular culture, that include festivals and arts, sports, community association activities, and Pasar Kaget.
The development of popular culture cause the original identity of place be obscured. However, this condition causes dilemma problems in the typographical arrangement. So, it need an effort to preserve, maintain, and develop the quality of the existing physical environment to preserve the identity of place.
The identity of place is an important element in creating the interiority of the space. Cultural landscape approach used to define identity of place. Through the search of history, survey, and mapping method, something found that cultural tradition is cultural landscape component which order the identity of place.
An effort to accommodate the cultural tradition is establish a cultural center as a representative space in order to get the comfortable space. So, interiority rests with the ability to control one’s surroundings and the place where one acts performatively (like change the landscape) as boundaries to experience what forms its interiority. Although interiority is individual, interiority can be controlled.
Keywords: interiority, identity of place, cultural, landscape
________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Space is something that is not constantly interrupted. Interior space, a transitional space, and exterior space is a unity of mutual influence and mutual shaping. Space is something that is very close to humans, because humans need space as a place to do various types of activities. We are always in a place. Places are absorbed in everyday life into our identity.
Inside the room, human get to know interior. The interiors were created by humans as much as possible can be recognized not only by physical reasoning, but psychologically and emotionally (Caan, 2011: 38).
This process is known as the interiority. McCarthy1 (2005, 122) in Toward a Definition of Interiority argued that interiority is that abstract quality that enables the recognition and definition of an interior.
Then, Perolini2 (2010) in his paper Bringing Interiority to Interior Design defined interiority is intrinsic to the
experience of being human, where in cognition recognizes, and emotion reacts, to environments; it is not an agent in itself rather it is always linked to space, desire, object, reflection and lack. We recognize and engage with the world around us; all material and natural things and other human beings as objects of our experience are outside of us. But through engagements we know ourselves in a fundamentally different way. We don’t look at ourselves only from the outside but significantly we experience ourselves from within, not as an object, but as a subject that is present to itself. This self-presence is the interiority of a human being. This is the place where each person dwells. Hvejsel (2011, 21) defining interiority as a spatial architectural matter signifying domestic architectural quality related to the physical ability of the building envelope to address the sensuous scale of furniture. But, interiority does not only mean the interior space. The term interiority relates to a method based on inside-out design, that is designing based on the program of space required and the quality of space desired, while attention to the impact of what we design can be caused by the user, inside of the building, as well as outdoor spaces around the building.
Base on that statements, interiority as a transformative concept, could dependent on cultural developments in quite specific societies. William (1983: 90) describes cultural as a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development. As shown it is far more than this and is grounded in our being. The general process have happened over time, because humans have evolved intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic that led to the different habits in running time to perform a variety of activities.
There has been a complete changeover in a landscape. Human alteration of the landscape. Jackson (1984) in Discovering the Vernacular Landscape defined landscape is never simply a natural space, a feature of the natural environment. Every landscape is the place where we establish our own human organization of space and time. Landscape is complex phenomena. Landscapes reflect human activity and are imbued with cultural values. They combine elements of cultural and landscape concurred by Rapoport (1992) which his states that the city is an “urban cultural landscape”, to understand a city needs a way to understand the culture of the various communities and the influence of values , norms, lifestyle, activities embraced by the community.
The objective of this study is to identify how the meaning of interiority that is formed by cultural concept in order to influence the spatial design, especially landscape. Because, design should be considering its powerful position and cultural significance. This study is in corridor segment area and Gedung Sate Complex’s axis node, northern part of Bandung, West Java. This area has been designed for the Central Government with the formal character of the Dutch Colonial period in 1921, over time the formal character and the ‘face’ of the landscape have changed.
Figure 1. The location of site of the Bandung city position Source: Reprocessed based on Google Earth, 2013
METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
This paper completes a study of a cultural landscape according to the methodology established by the U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service3. The method includes four steps. A cultural landscape is identified through : (1) Historical research, through gathers of information pertaining to the property and landscape that speaks about its historic context and site history, this is the key to the research landscape. (2) Inventory and documentation of existing conditions, evaluated through survey and mapping. (3) Site analysis, identified cultural activities, natural conditions, land use, and the historical district. (4) Preserved through recommendations for future management, by propose the The Master Plan and Design Guide Line. Recommendations for future research of the site is essential for continued protection and maintenance of that site. Without looking forward in time, the nature of a dynamic landscape is denied.
RESULTS Site Historical
The area is used as the object of study is located in the northern part of Bandung. Planned northern region is divided into two parts, The Northeast and The Northwest. The Northeast focused on monumental building (Gedung Sate Complex) at the south end of the axis of the planning area, while The Northwest does not have a dominant structural element except airports. In 1915, The Northeast area is planned to be the location of the Central of Government which moved from Jakarta. In 1921 the highest technical service administration of the central government moved to Bandung.
Prestige complex of office buildings and employee housing is designed in the most northern part of the 3 areas of this development. Planning of the development was integrated in Uitbreidingsplan Bandoeng Noord (North Bandung Masterplan), which consists of : Military Complex (ARCHIPELWIJK), Education Complex (TECHNISCHE Hogeschool), and the Government Complex (TECHNICAL SERVICE), based in Gedung Sate Complex. Gedung Sate Complex is one of the priorities in the northern region. In general, planning of Uitbreidingsplan Bandoeng Noord start changing the structure of the city. Planning for northern Bandung in 1929 was followed by the development planning for the entire city including downtown as planning Cikapundung in 1938, which is only partially successfully implemented.
Because of displacement the center of government of Jakarta is not well done, the area that is used for the development of the governance area and residential areas were built based on Garden City principle with the provisions of the whole complex is oriented to Tangkuban Perahu Mount in the north of Bandung. Garden City concept is applied to characterize an independent satellite city area. Seen for example in the view of building a relatively low density. Other view is that the design of the road and park designed based on the node and axis. One-stop system on several small buildings attached is also one of the Garden City concept application that is applied to the Gedung Sate complex. The concept of planning is an important segment of the city and is referred to as Europeesche Zakenwijk.
3 The goal of the method set forth by the National Park Service is completion of a National Register nomination. It is the intention of the author to use the method as a means of documenting and understanding the landscapes of Woodlands Farm and Thomas’s Wharf to National Park Service standards
Figure 2. Position of Archipelwijk, Technische Hogeschool, and Technical Service in Uitbreidingsplan Bandoeng Noord
Source: Reprocessed based on Google Earth, 2013
Figure 3 (left). Map of the Bandung City in 1933-1938. Source: Voskuil, 2007 Figure 4 (right). Symmetric Pattern. Source: Widaningsing, 2007 Changed of Area Function
Changes in land use of Corridor Segment Area and Gedung Sate Complex’s Axis Node be reviewed based on the history of land use as compared to current conditions. Gedung Sate Complex was originally designed by Nusantara Capital Design Team led by Genie VL Slors for the construction of Central Government Building in Bandung (Damajani, 2007). The complex is laid out with the selection of Gerber design, because they have the style and architectural style that has the traditional feel of the archipelago. The existence of the Gedung Sate Complex with several other historic buildings around it until the 1980’s has become one of the landmarks in the city.
In 1985 built Boulevard of Perjuangan rakyat Jawa Barat Monument, located in north Field Gasibu, lengthwise on the imaginary axis connecting the Gedung Sate Complex and Tangkuban Perahu Mount.
One of the background of the construction of this monument is to continue the plans that have been
initiated before the building of the complex into the urban space with a formal character to support the Gedung Sate Complex functions as a formality area to be government office facilities.
Figure 5. Historical District Source: Personal Documentation, 2014
Articulating Gedung Sate Complex area like Gasibu area and Perjuangan Rakyat Jawa Barat Monument in this time are simple, that the view that manifests as a solid combination between symbol of style of urban life in the cities, among the crowded, dense traffic flow creep, replied said commodity traders, serta aroma of people’s delicious confectionary dish which is dancing around along with the chanting of the sounds from various sound sources as bring harmony in the irregularity. Changes in land use of Gasibu area and surrounding not only because of activity and economic necessity . But also because of the development of construction in this area too.
Based on the preliminary review on the location, clear that there are change in the area over time. In the beginning, complex of urban space is a formal representation of the formal powers of government.
However, the changes continue to occur, both functional changes and changes in usage patterns.
The changes are encouraged by the needs of the people, economic and social factors, and lifestyle requisite. Towards this condition, I refers to it as a form of culture that was developing in the community.
Changes of condition in the area is the result of human activity by their culture, this is called landscape.
Site Analysis Cultural Activities 1. Cultural Tradition
Everything that is inherited down from generation to generation is considered as a tradition, no matter whether it is good or bad. Traditional art laden with local cultural values. Sundanese, traditional art which
is closely related to the value of togetherness, gather, unite one of which is called the kirap helaran or sisingaan. Kirap helaran is a kind of traditional art or people performing arts are performed with a procession in the form of helaran. The show is usually performed at the event such as circumcision celebrations or special events such as; welcome guests, entertainment inauguration, the Independence Day activities, and the activities of other big days that followed hundreds of people from all over the village representatives. The event is in the form of a procession or parade.
Kirap helaran followed by community groups which presents Sundanese culture, such as sisingaan, gotong gagak, kendang rampak, calung, engrang, reog, barongsai, and a motorcycle club. Value created by the kirap helaran still visible in the form of popular culture that was developing in area at this time, such as : the procession attractions motorcycle clubs, bike clubs, marching bands, and others.
Thus, a tradition in the form of traditional art became an important element in shaping contemporary culture or pop culture.
2. Popular Culture
Culture related to activities and practices everyday that characterize a group of people which is everyday highlighted. As we know that the culture originated from the habit, and that habit has unwittingly become a cultural in a community. This is what eventually became a popular culture. About the term
“popular”, Williams (1983) interpret it as something enjoyed by that many people, something that is easy to practiced, the work is done to please people. Corridor Segment Area and Gedung Sate Complex’s Axis Node have become a representative popular culture urban communities. Many kinds of activities occur at certain times. The following description explain the kind of popular cultural activities that is emerging in the open space of study area. They grouped by time, because popular culture is present by the certain of time.
Weekday activities, consists of : (1) Sports, such as futsal, jogging, soccer, cycling. Occurred morning 07.00 am - 10.00 am, the dominant activity undertaken by primary or junior school children who are in the Gasibu Field area and surrounding. Then, sports in the afternoon at 15.00 pm - 18.00 pm mostly done by the general public who came to the field. (2) Street vendors activity. Timing for selling varied, such as : from morning till late afternoon approximately 07.00 am - 18.00 pm, some of them are from morning till night is at 07:00 am - 22:00 pm. (3) Community associations of young children. Their aim is to come there to relax, ‘chat’, refreshing, enjoy special snacks of Bandung, and others. Some of these communities include : social community, the community of bicycle, motorcycle clubs, etc.
Weekend activites, consist of : (1) Sports, such as jogging, cycling, football, futsal, badminton, volleyball, and gymnastics. Occurs in the morning until the early afternoon at 05.00 am - 10.30 am , afternoon 15:00 pm - 18:30 pm. Sports also took place along the Garden of Perjuangan Rakyat Jawa Barat Monument in the morning 05.00 am - 11.00 am. (2) Pasar Kaget, a market that is only present on every Sunday morning. This Pasar Kaget called Gasibu Market which is one of the traditional market or the biggest of public market in Bandung. (3) Recreation, such as refreshing, relaxing, family holiday in Gasibu Field, Garden of Perjuangan Rakyat Jawa Barat Monument, Garden of Gedung Sate Complex, even Gasibu Market often be recreational purposes by people from inside and outside the city of Bandung on Sunday, from 07.00 am - 12.00 pm. (4) Heritage Tourism, due to the historical values include architectural magnificence of the buildings as a legacy of colonial history, a force to establish the identity of the area. There are Gedung Sate, Perjuangan Rakyat Jawa Barat Monument, Postal Museum, the Geological Museum, Dwi Warna Building. All of them be educational tourism destination. These activities take place throughout the day, from morning to evening.
The annual event, such as new year celebrations and Ramadhan Market. Ramadhan Market is a market that is open during the month of Ramadhan (Moeslim Month) for about 30 days, at 14.00 pm till night
at 20.00 pm. And then, the activities in uncertain time. Commonly, there are very diverse activities. Such as : art and music event, festival, traditional cultural week, reality show, exhibition, concert, motorcycle racing, demonstration, etc.
Natural Conditions
Bandung is surrounded by mountains, so that the morphology of the area is like a giant bowl.
Geographically, the city is located at an altitude of ± 768 m above sea level, the highest point is in the north with an altitude of 1,050 meters above sea level and to the south is an area of low with 675 meters height above sea level. The type of soil in the area is latosol brown. Temperate mountains (moist and cool) with an average temperature of 23.6 º C. Average rainfall 156.4 mm, number of rainy days on average 15 days/month. Sources of water to supply the needs of the community that comes from rivers, springs, groundwater. The depth of ground water level depressed <25m below ground level. Bandung with cool air and lies in the fertile highlands contoured and surrounded by hills and mountains, making the natural orientation of the design. The uniqueness of this natural characteristic became potential advantages for Bandung.
Land Use
The study area is consist of dwelling, office and public facility, museum, technical service, open space, educational, and commercial area.
Figure 6. Land Use Mapping
Source: Reprocessed based on Google Earth, 2013 DISCUSSION
Cultural Landscape Approach to Define Meaning of Interiority
Human in look the interiority not only fixated on geometric shapes and patterns, but they are also trying to understand the room by using feelings, thoughts, and imagination that can not be assessed in plain view eye. Information obtained or messages through the human communication process that occurs in
the environment can affect usability, awareness, developmental, emotional, and aesthetic satisfaction on the environment (Lynch, 1976: 30). The sensation that comes from the environment cause reactions in the human perception form.
Interpretation is the most important stages in perception. Interpretation involves the human ability to think, gives the sense, and gives meaning to be understood. Something that is ‘be felt’ then given meaning and significance. Human interpretation of the environment produces the message. Messages are captured from the environment of human being as a result of interpretation spawned image.
The image is based on information from the senses sensitivity (Lynch, 1972: 163). Message is seen and felt. The message creates a sense of space in the minds of men who later developed into interiority.
Interiority is generated based on human interpretation of the environment and then into a guide that helps people to build a world around it.
Image of the city can be analyzed through the identity (Lynch, 1960: 8). Uniqueness factor is a privilege or a primacy of that must be owned by the identity (Grayson, 2003: 2). The city’s identity can change over time. Through the landscape there is a trail of events and the events associated with the people who live in the surrounding areas (Lynch, 1972: 63). The identity of a city should not be the same thing.
A place can provide different information when people who are in that place doing different activities.
The difference occurs because humans have evolved intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic directing the different habits in running time to perform a variety of activities. William (1983: 90) formulates the process as a cultural concept.
Thereby, understanding the concept of cultural forms and the landscape produced by the area will show the interaction system between human activities and the area that experienced the development from time to time. These developments will make the development of people’s interiority. The concept of culture and landscape formulated into an approach, the approach of the cultural landscape. This approach emphasizes it is important to realize that the area is in its development process also formed a new image based on the identity that has been formed long ago. However, through the landscape change there is a trace of history of an event, so that the whole series of events that are related to the present can be identified.
Based on my study of the activity that occurs in the open space located in the Corridor Segment Area and Gedung Sate Complex’s Axis Node, it appears that both of the open space is a representative to perform various kinds of cultural activities. Cultures were developing not only focused on popular culture. However, traditional culture has become one part of the various kinds of activities in that area.
The most obvious manifestation of the process of popular culture is the emergence of variety of artistic activities. Various musical performing arts activities is one example of the activities that are often held to meet the tastes of urban youth especially those who can not or are not able to pay for the show which was held at the café or hotel. Implementation of performing arts events by presenting famous artists and is supported by sponsors (corporate / industrial), of course, has become part of the resources the city that can continue to developed. They are all emotional expressions of culture actors through the activities in their size can represent their soul and character. It makes the quality of open space located in the Corridor Segment Area and Gedung Sate Complex’s Axis Node make a significant contribution to the emergence of cultural behavior, the main attraction because of its strategic location in the city so that can be reached by people in Bandung. Thereby, the open space is an object that is not free of culture.
Peoples with different cultural backgrounds will have different views of the meaning of public open space, so the effect on the interiority perceived. Consequently cause usage patterns, activities performed, as well as a variety of cultural behavior that occurs will be different. The most important