Yuke Ardhiati
Architecture Department, Universitas Pancasila [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The many of contemporary buildings created based on cross-pollination of design method overlaps a variety of related design territories, including contemporary architecture, interior, fashion’s trend, performing arts, graphics, contemporary theatre, and sculpture. They are embedded in the building, and show the interaction between artefact, people and space. The research aim is to discuss about interiority of the museum by using phenomenological method.
By using a phenomenological investigation at The New Acropolis Museum through a Grounded Theory Research refers to Glaser and Strauss was found the cross-pollination of design method by applied a mixed-used interiority design method by re-programming and adaptive re-use.
The New Acropolis Museum at Athens built at the polemical location added further layers of responsibility to the design. It located at the foot of the Acropolis as a sensitive archeologically excavation the presence of the contemporary city and its street grid, and the Parthenon itself. The research problem is: How the cross-pollination method was adopted in the New Acropolis Museum?
The building’s façade used the transparent materials to connect with the ancient historical and cultural of Greek antiquity. The building performed as unusual building’s appearances looks like a transparent big box reflected a part of Parthenon into their façades. From inside, the Parthenon’s façade always became the 'inside-out' of museum by using glasses material. The building was elected above the ancient ruin.
So, glasses became an architecture’s way to connect with the ancient memories.
At apart of the building’s façade used a video art movie containing the Greek sculptures on night. All the building element varieties is related in the design territories, the contemporary architecture, the interior design, the Fashion’s trend, the performing arts, the graphics design, the contemporary theatre, and sculpture are adopted in the New Acropolis Museum. Composed in unique, fun and the elegance façade. The research conclusion is a cross-pollination of design method and creativity was use in the New Acropolis buildings.
Keywords: interiority, archeologically site, cross-pollination, New Acropolis Museum
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INTRODUCTION
We are live in the digital era, now!
Many of the contemporary buildings created by added the fashion’s elements to enrich the building’s facade. The building appearances looks are like ‘supermodels’. The variety of fashion accessories contributed the facades to enhance the appearance or odor of the body of the building. In other hand, known the buildings designed based on cross-pollination by overlaps varieties related the design territories, including contemporary architecture, interior, fashion’s trend, performing arts, graphics, contemporary theatre, and sculptures. The Architects embedded into the body of buildings to show the interaction between artefact and space became a new iconic building to express unusual building façades.
When the Architect adopted the four basic of fashion elements and the principles of design;
color, silhouette, line, and texture into the architecture’s body the building appearance became a metaphorically of fashion named a ‘Fashion-Architecture’ building (Ardhiati, 2014).
To enrich the design to be a ‘Fashion-Architecture’ building, the Architect were inserting the fashion element’s applied through a various of the fashion design method; by wrapping, by pleating, by printing, by draping, by folding, and by weaving. They usually applied into the building façade. By inserting the fashion elements at the building façade was composed a uniqueness, fun and extraordinary façades (Ardhiati, 2014).
Recently, known a cross-pollination method applied by the famous Architect works. The method is also applied in a sensitive site. A sensitive site is an historical heritage site that had a complexity rules. For example is the Master Plan of Mecca 2012 as Hadid and Foster’s work. They used a cross-pollination method by applied an interiority design method through re-programming and adaptive re-use at the sensitive site of Kaba’ (Ardhiati, 2012).
The Master Plan of Mecca 2012 as Zaha Hadid and Norman Foster’s create by re-interpret ‘Mecca City to be The Magnificent City’. By their work the ka’ba looks like just a small dot surrounded the skycraper buildings and sculptural artifacts even though it’s still role as the central point of the sensitive site. (Ardhiati, 2013).
By created the Ka’ba as a holy artifact at a low level position by tall skycrapers made the holy ritual procession surround became a big attractive scenery from thus skyscrapers. A billion’s of moslem in the white clothes looks like ‘a drama’. Hadid and Foster created an interiority design method.
The New Acropolis Museum design by Bernard Tschumi, 2005 is a building in polemical location added further layers of responsibility to the design. The building erected at the foot of Acropolis, a confronted with the sensitive archeologically excavations. Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a high rocky above the city of Athens, containing of several great architectural and historic significance include the most famous Parthenon. Tschumi, as the architect’s winner of Design Competition of New Acropolis Museum 2005, he creates a new building trough a new design approach by adopted overlaps of varieties related design territories, including a contemporary architecture, interior, fashion’s trend, performing arts, graphics, contemporary theatre, and sculpture as building’s element to connected visitors with the ancient Greece.
NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM AT GLANCE
The old museum of Acropolis was completed in 1874 and underwent a moderate expansion in the 1950s. The successive excavations on the Acropolis uncovered many new artifacts which the significantly exceeded its original capacity. Post the Greek government made requests for the return of the Parthenon Marbles from the British Museum of United Kingdom, it was suggested to create of a new gallery for the display of the Parthenon Marbles. The reason is the key to all recent proposals for the design of a new museum competition. The first and second architectural competition to design a new museum was held in 1976 and 1979 follows by Greece Architects failed to produce any results.The third competition, 1989 was announced that would be international by choice of three possible sites was provided. The winner was won by Manfredi Nicoletti and Lucio Passarelli,the Italian architects. The construction delays throughout the 1990s.
Post the International (ICOMOS) campaigners exposed this oversight, Athens need new plans were adjusted so that the building was elevated above ground, on pillars. The Final Competition was open only to architectural practices, won by Bernard Tschumi in collaboration with the Greek architect Michael Photiadis. Their work has revealed two layers of modest, the private roadside houses and workshops.
The first layer is from the early Byzantine era and second, from the Classical era. They found the suitable locations for the foundation pillars the soil to the underlying bedrock and float on roller bearings able to withstand a Richter scale magnitude 10 earth quake. Post the New Acropolis Museum was build, the building performed is seem a very unique building design. The Tschumi’s work of Athens was inspired to propose a research problem: How the variety of the cross-pollination method was adopted in this sensitive site?
THE RESEARCH METHOD
To reveal the design method of the New Acropolis Museum a research was done by using a architectural phenomenological investigation at the New Acropolis Museum at Athens at 2013. This research is based on a Qualitative Architectural Research refers to Groat (2002:18) and applied a Grounded Theory’s research strategy of Glaser and Strauss (1967: 32-35) to reveal the architectural theory of the object by stated a minor working hypotheses as a subtansive theory: The New Acropolis Museum applied the cross-pollination design method to adopted with the sensitive site.
By refers the four steps of Grounded Theory research; 1). by comparing incidents applicable to each category. 2) by integrating categories and their properties, 3). By delimiting the theory, 4) writing theory.
(Glaser and Strauss, 1967: 105-113) was found a cross-pollination of design method by mixed-used interiority design through re-programming and adaptive re-used. The paper present the result of research to discussion the objective interiority of the New Acropolis Museum.
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
‘Wow Effect’ by Connected Visitor with the Ancient Greece
The phenomenological investigation started by visit to Athens, 2013. To find the New Acropolis Museum’s site located is not easy, because the historic of Makryianni district is the one of tourist destination. The Museum is entered from the Dionysios Areopagitou pedestrian street, which links it to the Acropolis and other key archeological sites in Athens. The Museum stands less than 1,000 feet southeast of the Parthenon temple. The top-floor museum is the Parthenon Gallery offers more than 360-degree panoramic view of the Acropolis and modern Athens.
A phenomenological experience refers to Tjahjono, 1999 rely on her/his intuition and intellectual through three reduction as well; all subjectivity, all knowledge, and the all tradition. A phenomenological experience is also a way of looking at the object refers to Brouwer, 1983, to reveal the symptom that present themselves to be depicted through intensionalism thesis.
By walk at surround the New Acropolis Museum showed ‘the wow effect’. The museum building located right above the Acropolis ruins as a part of the Unesco’s World Heritage List. It is mean, the ruins protected by law because it’s a sensitive sites having outstanding universal values. So, Architects must be conduct by law.
‘A Wow Effect’ is means a special state of mind usually referring to a special ‘view’. When you're surprised by something wonderful or really great, you got the ‘wow effect’. Usually the state of the wow effect is gained when a hot chick is seen. The origin of the phrase ‘wow factor architecture’ is uncertain, but has been used extensively in both the UK and United States to promote avant-gardist buildings within urban regeneration since the late 1990s as Tschumi’s Event-Cities (Praxis).
The building museum is around 8,000 square meters of exhibition space and a full range of visitor amenities. The Acropolis Museum tells the ancient story of the Athenian Acropolis. The building enrich by original collections provide visitors with a comprehensive picture of the human presence on the Acropolis, from pre-historic times through late antiquity.
At the entrance of the museum, located the display of an archeological excavation on the site about the Acropolis ruins from the 4th through 7th centuries A.D. they have a auditorium facilities include a 200-seats.
Tschumi designed by the simplicity horizontal lines, and present the Museum focusing the visitor’s attention on extraordinary works of art by exhibits them in ambient natural light. This is an extraordinary experience until the top of building as the Parthenon Gallery. At the top floor, visitors stand at the same level of the original Parthenon temple outside the building.
The ‘form’ of the top design by simulacra of the origin temple by a rectangular with the glass-enclosed.
The sky light of the top Gallery is very high and width. The building’s construction by concreted which penetrates upward through all levels. At the core allows the natural light conserve the Caryatids woman sculpture. The Museum circulation devide into a chronological sequence, from pre-history through the late Roman period. The high point is the Parthenon Frieze. The architectural experiences at museum are feeling entertaining and clear of three-dimensional loop by escalator. The Museum is conceived as a base, a middle zone and a top. The archeological excavation located at below and from the orientation of the top floor toward the Parthenon. The base hovers over the excavation on more than 100 slender concrete pillars. This level are contains the lobby, temporary exhibition spaces, museum store, and support facilities.
The Architecture Drama
By phenomenological experience at the museum reveal the Tschumi’s concept of the new Acropolis Museum. The building is contain with ‘architecture drama’ by located the most dramatic sculptures of Greek antiquity. Even though the museum located at the sensitive site of archeological excavations, they was successfully presence the museum collections. By Tschumi’s smart thinking to The New Acropolis Museum is a building became adjustment in polemical. The New Acropolis Museum is a new building trough a new design approach by adopted overlaps of varieties related design territories, including a contemporary architecture, interior, fashion’s trend, performing arts, graphics, contemporary theatre, and sculpture as building’s element to connected visitors with the ancient Greece.
The Design’s Territories
The museum building design presence a unique ‘form’ by replacing a sensitive site on Acropolis ruins.
So, the building’s polemical location added further layers of responsibility to the design. By located at the foot of the Acropolis as the sensitive archeologically excavations, the Architect presence the building on a contemporary city and its street grid and the Parthenon itself.
Tschumi design an extraordinary by adopt design’s territories to express the building by approached all of territories. He roles as a Master of Architect to composed all museum elements as composed a Work of Art by a totally design in order become an unique museum building in this age.
A Contemporary Architecture Concept
Throughout his career as an architect, theorist, and academic, Bernard Tschumi's work has reevaluated architecture's role in the practice of personal and political freedom. Since the 1970s, Tschumi has argued that there is no fixed relationship between architectural form and the events that take place within it.
The ethical and political imperatives that inform his work emphasize the establishment of a proactive architecture which non-hierarchically engages balances of power through programmatic and spatial devices. In the Tschumi's theory, architecture's role is not to express an extant social structure, but to function as a tool for questioning that structure and revising it.
Tschumi as Architect’s winner of New Acropolis Competition 2005, adopted a contemporary architecture concept by used the connectivity wit the Old Greece civilization. He designed the museum level similar with the Parthenon’s high level and imitating the originally column of Parthenon by using a stainless steel material. He built a simulacrum of the Parthenon column follows the Parthenon original plan.
The Parthenon’s façade as a part of the museum in frontally view. Especially, on the night the building looks like a fashion’s trend through exposed the iconic collection presented by a digital image in an animation video mapping. The building’s façade became a big surface to reflecting the images. By inserting the video mapping animation on the building facade, Tschumi presented a Contemporary Theatre.
Tschumi's argue that there is no space without event, he designs conditions for a reinvention of living, rather than repeating established aesthetic or symbolic conditions of design. By his concept, means architecture works becomes a frame for "constructed situations," a notion informed by the theory, city mappings and urban designs of the situationist International.
As Architect and Lecturer, Tschumi's design research encourages a wide range of narratives and ambiences to emerge and to self organize. By his way, Tschumi's work is ethologically motivated refers to Deleuze that used the term to propose an emergent ethics that depends on a re evaluation of self/
identity and body. He clain the freedom to architecture design, thus defined by the enhanced range of capacity of this extended body/self in conjunction with an extended self-awareness.
Beside he is advocating re-combinations of program, space, and cultural narrative, Tschumi also share to the user to critically re-invent him/herself as a subject. Tschumi well known the radical theories on post- structuralist architecture in the 1960s and ’70s, and finally he won the commission for the New Acropolis Museum in a competition. The museum offers a seemingly placid stance, focused on the impressive Athenian light and landscape while remaining precise in imagination and sophisticated in form.
Refers to Derrida, 2007 about Point de folie - Maintenant L'architecture, the contemporary architecture
name trans-architecture as the Architecture Event. The presence of events it can be measured through the architectural structure; sequence, seriality, narrative, dramaturgy, cinematic, and choreography.
DISCUSSION
"Any relationship between a building and its users is one of violence, for any use means the intrusion of a human body into a given space, the intrusion of one order into another" as Tschumi quotes in Architecture and Disjunction (2001, p.122). His statement influences his work of the New Acropolis Museum of Athens.
He has been criticized for sacrificing human needs for intellectual purposes. Nikos Salingaros, the Greek mathematician claims that the New Acropolis Museum clashes with the traditional architecture of Athens and continues to unnecessarily threaten historical buildings nearby. Another statement from the AIA Honor Award Jury writing in 2011: “It is very contextual and powerfully respectful of the urban fabric of Athens while doing a dance around the ruins.” The New York Times: “a quiet work…a building that is both an enlightening meditation on the Parthenon and a mesmerizing work in its own right." Another statement from visitor: “From the top floor, the wall of windows allows visitors to look directly onto the Acropolis. During the day, a reflection of the Parthenon shimmers from the top floor windows. By night, the illuminated sculptures seem to glow from inside. "It is a beautiful space that shows the frieze itself as a narrative — even with the plaster copies of what is in the British Museum — in the context of the Parthenon itself," said the building's U.S.-based architect Bernard Tschumi.
RESULT
The result of this paper is an interiority of architecture project was found by adopted a cross-pollination method. The way to express the method is by used the building façade and flooring with transparent materials, the Architect successfully to communicated the visitor ‘to connect’ with the ancient historical and cultural of Greek antiquity. The building’s role to mirroring the original Parthenon’s into the building surface. So, by visual visitors feel direct to communicate with Parthenon itself inside and outside the museum. The interiority on the New Acropolis Museum become a part of the Architecture’s theory how to applied at the sensitive site by logical argumentation to the Government by a cross-pollination method through re-programming and adaptive re-use.
CONCLUSION
Through a phenomenological experience in New Acropolis Museum of Athena, founded the Tschumi’s design is using a cross-pollination method. His brilliant creativities lead him the unusual design approach to create a ‘Wow Effect of Architecture Design’. Even though located in a sensitive site, Tschumi’s idea accommodated by the Greece Government by using a logical argumentation by connected with the Greece traced by showing a new building appear from the ruins, and showing the all of the surface by a glass translucent materials to all of the façade.
The building museum’s is also showing an interiority architecture by overlaps varieties related design territories in a contemporary architecture reflected by used the sensitive archeologically site as the pillar foundation. The interior design by the fashion’s trend reflected by create the artistic nuance to exhibition the museum collection lookslikes an art gallery, the performing arts reflected by the dynamic façade on night by the greek ancient story in video art movie, the graphics design is reflected by Environmental Graphic Design integrated in whole museum area, the contemporary theatre is shown by the auditorium and conservation recorded at lobby area, the all sculpture as museum collection is the point in this building’ to shown the glory of Greece civilization. By phenomenological investigation,