MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFACTS

No*57]^'^^^"

CULTURAL PATTERNS,

VIRGINIA

— ^{^HOLLAND} 53

geographical area.

The

strong emphasis

on

large blade types in the

"quartzite-using"

complex

^of the preceramic horizon, the lowest part of the sequence, with the absence of trianguloid forms is of definite

importance in helping to define the cultural

complex

of this period

and

proves

an

important time

marker

in the sequence.

Throughout

time the popularity of blades declines in favor of the smaller projectile points of various shapes, each with

minor

fluctuations of its own.

In thelaterpart of the sequence, the increased popularity of triangular points.

Types B and

C, with theirrelated category ofprobable rejects,

Type D,

is a point

which

is of

some

significance

and

can be further

expanded

^{after those sites with pottery}

have

been seriated independ- ently of ^this sequence. In short, it appears as if another demonstra-

tion has been

made

in Virginia (cf. Holland, _{1955, pp.} 174-175) that chipped-stone objects are sensitive to cultural

change

through time,

and

the seriation of these changes into a sequence can

be

useful in establishing a type of time scale

where no

other artifacts or techniques are available.

54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

^[BuU.173

lit

^I

1 2 3

4 CM

Figure ^6.

—

^{Artifact types: a, Crude ax;b, crude celt; c, polished celt.}

nS.^StT'^"^'

cultural patterns,

VIRGINLi

— _{^HOLLAND 55}

Figure 7.

—

Artifact types: a, Hafted scraper; b, end scraper; c, side scraper; d, graver;

f, drill;/, hammer-anvil stone; g, chloritepipe; h, clay pipe.

56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLrOGY

^[Bull.173

End scrapers, modified for hafiing (fig. 7, a). Theseobjectshaverectangular blades and one straight or oval end and the other end has either been side notched or stemmed. They appear frequently to have been broken projectile points that have been reworked on ^the fractured end.

End

scrapers (or snubnosed scrapers) (fig. 7, b). These are oval or rectanguloid fragments 3.0to 3.5 cm. wide, 3.0 to 4.0 cm. long, and 1.0 cm. thick. One ^side

of these artifacts has been modified by secondary flaking to produce a sloping edge. The ^longer edge is usually sharply angular while the other is rounded.

This modified edge

may

be

%

^to Yz the perimeter ofthe artifact.

Side scrapers (fig. 7, c). These are medium-sized elongated chips that have been modified by secondary flakingon one orbothlengthwiseedges. There wereonly three ofthese foundin the ^entire survey.

Graver (fig. 7, d). These are small, flat, rectanguloid chipped-stone artifacts that have had one edge modified to form a short, sharp, triangular point. Only 4 were found.

Drills (fig. 7, e)^. Thisclasswas defined on the basis of an elongated narrowblade, usually diamond shaped or oval in cross section, with an expanding base, or, as occasionally seen, no modified base but a continuation of the narrow blade from one endto the other. The blade varied between ^0.5and 1.0 cm. wide and theoveralllengthwas 4.0to5.0 cm. Theexpanding base wasroughly rectangu- lar or triangular in outline. T- or Y-shaped specimens were not encountered.

Mano. Only one specimen, found on a preceramic "quartzite-using" station that had been resettled during the ceramic horizon (RM-4A). This roughly oval specimen had a flat surface for grinding and the opposite side was rounded, measuring 10 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, and 4 cm. thick.

Hammer-anvil stones (fig. 7,/). These wereoval quartzite river cobbles, usually 10 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, and4 cm. thick, that had been battered along oneedge and were pitted on one or both faces. The pits varied from shallow, circular

peckedareas inthe center of aface to 1.5cm. deep. Thepits indicate that they

may

have been used also as anvil stones.

Pipes, chlorite (fig. 7, g).

A

numberofpipes were observed during the survey in local collections and at the Valentine Museum. Those in local collections were not accompanied by provenience or else the data was so meager (AU-19) that the pipe could not be assigned to a horizon. At AU-11 a large fragment was from an obtuse angle pipe with a round bowl and flat stem. Fragments were discovered at two sites (AU-31 and AU-18) but reconstruction of the entire artifact was not possible. Pipes found in mounds (AU-35-M, and literature) either lack data of provenience or occur during the Late or Middle Woodland

periods which are not well represented by the survey.

Pipes, clay (fig. 7, h). The^onlycomplete specimen seenduring thesurvey wasfrom the Hayes' Creek

Mound

(RB-2)^. This was an obtuse angle pipe in imitation of a similar chlorite specimen from the same

mound

and also similar to the chlorite pipefound in the excavation of

AU-35-M.

One fragment from

AU-13

isa right-angletype made for insertionof a stem. The^otherfragment from the same site in the collection of Jerrj"- Brownlee had a tapered stem. The ^frag- ments from

HD-2

were so incomplete they could not be reconstructed.

Soapstonevessels. This category refers to fragmentsof soapstone vesselsthathave been broken.

No

complete vessel was found.

Quartz crystal. Both Fowke (1894) and the Valentine

Museum

(1903) mention theoccurrenceof quartz crystalsduring their excavations. The ones collected during the survey were small. None had been modified.

Anthrop. Pap.

No.57]

CULTURAL PATTERNS,

VIRGINLA.

— ^HOLLAND 57

Pendants. Only one complete pendantwas discovered witha burial at

AU-35-M.

The others were fragmentary and reconstruction was not possible. In general they appeared to be elongated, drilled from bothfaces to the center.

Table

3

was

organized to bring these artifacts into proper time relationships. Sites were arranged in a vertical

column

with the

most

recent at the top of the table to the oldest at the

bottom

according to the adjusted seriated sequences of pottery, points,

and

blades.

The number

^{of specimens}

^{found on}

^{each site is listed}

under

^its appropriate

category.

Table

^3.

—

Distributionof miscellaneousartifacts at varioussites, arranged according to the temporalsequence basedon ceramicandprojectile-pointand bladeseriations

Site

58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

^[Bull.173

ordered sequence. In the ceramichorizon, drills, polished

and pecked

celts, chloritic schist

and

clay pipes, fragments

from

soapstone

vessels,

and

natural quartz crystals are

most common.

In the pre*

ceramic sites, crude axes,

end

scrapers,

and

the hafted variety of

end

scrapers are found in greater numbers.

What

this

means

^is that if

these artifacts are found in sufficient

numbers

at a site they

may be

useful in establishing the general position of the site in the ceramic or preceramic time sequence for the area.

From

another point of

view

these artifacts of infrequent occurrence can serve as

an

excellent check

on

the other data

from

a site.

For

example, if a site

seems

to

conform

to

one

part of the time sequence but has a series ofcelts, pipes, drills, etc.,

which seem

to fit

more

closely to the opposite part of the sequence, the data suggest that possibly the site

had been

occupied

by two

groups at widely different times

and some method must be

derived to separate the artifacts into

two

distinct groups.

For

this purpose of serving as a double check, the less

abundant

miscellaneous artifacts

were

always considered in this study.