For the final analysis, most of the data was collected in the statistical tables (see Appendix, p. 90). In the South Rivers district on the northwest slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains are high cliffs of gray to yellow-gray Erwin-Antietam quartzite.
SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Given the geography of the region, we might expect that local settlements and their preference for certain local artifact materials were more easily influenced by migration or diffusion from the northeast or southwest.
INTRODUCTION
Directions were given according to points of the compass, not merely estimates of general direction. Other small sites may not have been occupied long enough for a larger amount of garbage.
AUGUSTA COUNTY
For 35 yards east of the State Highway and 0.1 mile downstream of Harriston, scattered artifacts can be found, all belonging to a "quartzite-using" preceramic assemblage. AU-17, another "quartzite-using" preceramic station, is on the Waynesboro Nursery property in Lipscomb (see AU-9), on
CULTURAL PATTERNS, VIRGINIA
The western boundary of the site is 10 to 15 yards from BroadDraft and the southern boundary is 150 yards to the right (north). It was clear that material in the base of the channels was washed from a more superficial zone.
BATH COUNTY
From the lowest level of the cave came one grain of charred corn and two walnut shells. The following is an analysis of animal and bird bones and shells carried out by the Unitexl State Museum.
CULTURAL PATTERNS, VIRGINL^ — HOLLAND 33
HIGHLAND COUNTY
HD-4, at the intersection of BurnsviUe-WilliamsviUe-McDowell roads, 10 miles southwest of McDowell, is on a 10-foot terrace 200 yards from the right (west) bank of the Bullpasture Kiver. The eastern boundary is a steep 2- to 3-foot bank of low terrace on which there is occupational debris.
ROCKINGHAM COUNTY
Two small test pits, dug to a depth of 18 inches, produced remains of leached, limestone-tempered Radford Series pottery and fine fragments of charcoal. In response to a request, Evans analyzed pottery in the collections of the United States National Museum from Fowke's excavations and reports (personal communication There are 156 sherds of Radford Cordmarked and 1 sherd of Radford Series Plain representing at most, 15 vessels."
CULTURAL PATTERNS, VIRGINIA — HOLLAND 37 which artifacts were found, from State Highway 865 bridge, which
RM-11 is located on a 10- to 15-foot terrace between the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and U. RM-12 is located on the right (east) bank of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, 0.5 mi southwest of the bridge at Island Ford.
ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY
Highway 12, 6.5 miles southwest of Elkton and 1.25 miles southwest of the Ford Island Bridge. At the foot of the embanlanent terrace is a shallow channel filled with flood water.
PROJECTILE POINTS AND LARGE BLADES
From the base to the tip, the sides are parallel to each other Yz to % of the length of the blade. The side corners of the base are rounded and face the curve of the central notch.
34; CULTURAL PATTERNS, VIRGINIA — HOLLAND 47
This temporal h3'hypothesis has not been proven by stratigraphy in the study area, and whether it is valid can only be determined by the results of seriation. Spear-type F occurs sparingly but consistently in the "quartzite use" horizon, and is less important in the ceramic horizon at the top of the sequence. These groups appeared to be essential to truly understanding the differences.
Examination of the sequence, figures 4 and 5, shows that Type N is most widespread throughout the pottery and it. Not only the trends of the various types in the order are maintained by using these places of smaller collections, but the homogeneity of the character. The inclusion of these sites expands the range of the sequence, evens out some of the.
The placement of site AU-35-V-1 near the upper part of the tip and blade sequence (Fig. 5) is justified for several reasons. The limited percentage of knives from this site definitely excludes it from the lower end of the range.
MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFACTS
34;quartzite-using" complex of the preceramic horizon, the lowest part of the sequence, with the absence of triangular shapes is decided. Over time, the popularity of blades declines in favor of the smaller projectile points of different shapes, each with small fluctuations of its own These often appear to be broken projectile points reworked at the broken point.
These are medium-sized elongated chips that have been modified by secondary flaking at one or both ends. This class was defined on the basis of an elongated narrow blade, usually diamond-shaped or oval in cross-section, with a widening base, or, as is occasionally seen, no modified base, but a continuation of the narrow blade from one end to the other. Fragments were discovered in two places (AU-31 and AU-18), but the reconstruction of the entire object was not possible.
This was a topo-angular tube in imitation of a similar chlorite specimen from the same mound and also similar to the chlorite tube found in Excavation AU-35-M. The sites were arranged in a vertical column with the most recent at the top of the table and the oldest at the bottom according to the adjusted successions of pottery, points and blades.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE POTTERY
A characteristic of the type is that the fabric impression is faint even on uneroded surfaces, indicating application when. He had noted potter}-types characteristic of the central and north central ceramic Ai-ea waste. Series, relatively smaller percentages of the Albemarle Series and the presence of the Marcey CreekSeries are in the lowest part of the sequence.
Traces of the New River series were present in the 12th sitesequence akeadydeveloped and were absent in the four samples with a high percentage of the Radford series. The fifth site had a high percentage of the New River pottery series and a very low percentage of the Radford pottery series. However, they match well with the two excavated middens that have 96.5 percent of the Radford series or more, indicating that this was the heyday of Radford.
With these two studies as a guide, it was clear that the top of the serial series should be represented by relatively large percentages of the New River Series. In summary, the following generations can be made: The earliest ceramic complexes of the central and northern central ceramic area.
CULTURAL PATTERNS, VIRGINIA HOLLAND 65
ROCK MATERIAL
Those sites with adequate collections of artifacts can serve as controls in studying the slides. In the "South River District" quartzite is usually gray or brown and in the western part of the survey area there is a preference for a purple Erwin. Further suspicion of this factor is raised due to the position of sites AU-13, AU-11 and AU-26 in this chart of rock material.
In their present position in this order they are clearly out of place, for they present a decided discrepancy in the trends of popularity of quartzite and chert. The order of place on this diagram is that derived from the order of the pottery types and the points and blades. All pre-ceramic "quartzite-using" sites are located in the valleys of the two South Rivers and extend up the South Fork of the.
The spread of pottery types, however, was not accompanied by the spread of preference for rocks associated with these pottery types in the place of immediate origin. This is most clearly shown in the case of the Stony Creek series, which migrated from the eastern, predominantly quartzite area.
HABITATION PATTERNS
The "quartzite-using" preceramic horizon is limited to a group of sites in a narrow strip of land in the western foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains described in this study as the "Southern River Distribution. In the Calfpasture River Valley. artifacts were noted were not generally found on the banks of the river. In the south river valley (on the James) the general impression was that "flint" (cherry) artifacts were found near the river and those of quartzite. .
The prediction that it was likely to be a site for the pre-ceramic horizon was deliberately noted. From the plotting of the sites, it is immediately apparent that the once thought absolute connection between pre-ceramic sites on higher ground some distance from the current streams with all the ceramic sites. Therefore, one would expect the majority of sites in this cultural horizon to fall.
In fact, there are just as many "chert use" sites on the high terraces as there are "quartzite use" sites in the pre-ceramic horizon, even though successive sequences indicate "quartzite use". In summary, Agricultural Period sites are usually confined to the lowlands and lowest terraces closest to present-day stream courses.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEQUENCES OF NORTHWEST
VIRGINIA TO ARCHEOLOGY OF EASTERN UNITED STATES
Other similar points have been reported northward in the South Fork of the Shenandoah drainage. The earliest sites have high percentages of the Stony Creek Pottery Series, moderate percentages of the Albemarle Pottery Series, and traces of the Marcey Creek Pottery Series; Sites containing sherds from the Marcey Creek Pottery Series are found only along the western base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and there are sites at the same location.
It is thought that the pottery sites in the sequence for the study area closest to the E time marker would be Early Woodland and that the D time marker is .. about the beginning of the Middle Woodland Period. As the pottery sites of the Stony Creek and Albemarle Pottery Series gave way to the increasingly popular limestone-tempered Rad sites. In the Shenandoah Valley the exact date of the introduction of European trade goods has not yet been determined archaeologically.
1630 and 1677 at the Herriot Site on the South Branch of the Potomac in Hampshire County, W. Unfortunately, none of the sites in the small area had any form of trade goods that could be historically dated, so the upper part of the se- . The evidence regarding the origins of the two preceramic cultures suggests that this is a reasonable interpretation.
This suggests that there was no significant difference in the antiquity of the two cultures (pp. 78-79).
LITERATURE CITED
