82
The Use of Multivariate Analyses to Assess The Health of The Upper Brantas
83 The condition of the catchment upper Brantas in Batu City have degradated in 2004-2007. It was reflected by the community macroinvertebrate indicators of degradation as Tubificidae, Brachiura sp., Nereidae, Syrphidae, Lymnaidae, Richarsonidae, Thiaridae, Glossiphonidae, Chironomous thummi, Physidae (Sudaryanti, 2007). The upper Brantas cacthment (238,148 ha) administratively located in the three areas of Government namely Malang Regency, Malang City and Batu City. Batu city is located on the upper area of catchment Brantas 21.166,62 ha include three districts namely Bumiaji, Junrejo and Batu (the Batu City Government, 2006). The extent of damage the sub catchments protected forest of 5.197,40 ha. However, the area is experiencing a threat over the function of the land so the Brantas upstream (sub catchment Amprong Bango) large sub category means somewhat ugly 1,9 (River Basin Management Agency, 2008). The area caused the landslide. Spatial vision of Batu City is Batu City as a tourism city and agropolitan in East Java (Government City of Batu, 2011). This has resulted in a change in the rivers of ecosystem so that this research is still very relevant to do.
Various biota of the water can be used for monitoring the condition of the water of the river, such as benthic algae, macroinvertebrate and fish. Macroinvertebrate is the most frequently used biota to monitor water quality of the river's health because his life is relatively settled in the bottom waters, have a long life cycle and sampling relatively easily (Hellawel, 1986). The research of macroinvertebrate use macroinvertebrate community abroad has been widely performed, such as Chironomidae larvae, Tubificidae, Sphaeriidae, Hirudinea are tolerant of organic pollution while Isopoda, some Crustaceans, Ephemeridae, Odonata and Trichoptera whose sensitive to organic pollution (Rosenberg and Resh, 1993). Besides Norris and Norris (1995); Beauger et al., (2006); Carter et al., (2007); Perus et al., (2007); Jacobsen et al., (2008); Hoang (2009); Girgin (2010); Peterson et al., (2011); Aweng et al., (2012); and Rodil et al., (2012). The research of macroinvertebrate refers to the invertebrates that live in the bottom waters, 95 percent of the aquatic insects is composed by macroinvertebrate (Ward, 1992). Approach Indonesian researchers generally use index biota (Trihadiningrum et al., 1996; Hart et al.,2001). Sudaryanti et al., (2001) Australian River Assessment Systems (AusRivAS) predictive models using that use environment variables to find out the level of degradation of the ecosystem of the river based on the ratio of the observed macroinvertebrate and expected (O/E ratio).
Research macroinvertebrate developed using multivariate approach with program CANOCO with technical Canonical Correspondence Analisys (CCA) since 1995 to present (Sudaryanti, 1995; 1997), and until now the approach has not been followed by Indonesian researchers, with the exception of the researchers who conducted the Study Programs in Aquatic Resource Management (Rahesti et al., 2007; Suripto et al.,20017;
Effendi et al.,2013). Up to present the Government of Indonesia still rely on physical chemical approach to monitor river water quality. Using biological approach has a little attention (Daily Kompas, 2016).
The aimed of research was to ordinate the sites of the upper Brantas catchment based on macroinvertebrate communities and their environment.
RESEARCH METHODS
The methods used in this research is a survey method that is not doing the research that changes to the variables examined, using a qualitative approach. The place of research in upper Brantas catchment in Batu City (see Figure 1).
The variables measured in this study were the composition of macroinvertebrate and its environment factors (current velocity, the type of substrate, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total organic matter, ammonia, hardness, and pH). Macroinvertebrate data and environmental data taken during the 9 years (2006- 2015). The environment variable measured can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Environment variables are measured and the measurement methods The environment variable Unit Method/Tool
Substrate type Cm Taken from substrate
Current velocity Cm/sec Modification current meters
Dissolved oxygen mg/liter Winkler
Organic matter mg/l Titrimetric
Hardness mg/l Titrimetric
Ammonia mg/l Titrimetric
pH pH meter
84 Figure 1. Research location
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Sampling procedure using the technique of kicking. Samples were taken at each site using a D-frame kick net with 500 µm mesh (Nederlands Normalisatie-institut, 1994; Sudaryanti et al., 2001) as follows:
1. Hold the nets held against the current direction.
2. Stir the waters with base 2 feet in the same time to release the organism from the bottom of the water. The organism will go into the nets.
3. Check the inside of the net if there is rock or twig, then washes the twigs or rocks in the mesh.
4. Take samples in the area of riffle up to total 10 meter.
5. Washable with water and organisms collected at one corner of the mesh with and hold the flush water, this is for ease of sampling from within the mesh.
6. Flip the grate outwards to move the sample into the sample container.
7. Preservation of samples with 96% alcohol.
Macroinvertebrate identified up to the level of the family except for the Oligochaeta (class), Acarina (order), and Chironomidae (sub family) (Sudaryanti et al., 2001).
Data analysis using CANOCO for Window Program 4.5 (ter Braak, 2002) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis technique (CCA) to create zoning rivers Brantas upstream catchment based on macroinvertebrate and its environment variable to get the status of the biological health of catchment Brantas upstream (Sudaryanti, 1995; 1997; 1998). CANOCO program designed for the analysis in the study of the ecological community.
Plotted distribution of environmental factors in an ordination diagram, which describes the habitat preferred by a taxa.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 2 and Table 2 show that the site groups in the upper Brantas catchment were ordinated macroinvertebrate communities into 4 site groups (A, B, C, D).
Site of group A were taken in 2015. The site is situated at Biru stream with natural forest and agricultural activity at Tulungrejo and Gunungsari Village. The type of substratum is a hard substratum and a little bit smothering, with a temperature of 16-18 oC, current velocity of 5.7-8.81 cm/sec, dissolved oxygen of 5.7-8.81mg/l, pH of 7, hardness of 24-64 mg/l, total organic matter of 6.32-26.54 mg/l, ammonia of 0.001-0.094 mg/l, percentace covering of 60-90 % and natural riparian (see Table 2). Site of group A is composed mostly of a number of species living in hard substratum, fast current velocity in streams where there is a strong current, for instance,
Reseach Location
85 Glossosomatidae, Heptagenidae, Leptoplebidae, Leptoceridae, Lepidosmatidae, Limnephilidae, Perlodidae, Simulidae, Tabanidae, Tipulidae (see Table 2 and Figure 2). The site of group A is light degradated.
Site of group B were taken in 2007, 2011 and 2014. The site is situated at Tulungrejo, Pandanrejo, Junrejo and Dadaprejo Village with land use is composed of combination bare land, rice field, vegetable and plantation. The type of substratum is a smothering with a temperature of 17-24 oC, current velocity of 20-30 cm/sec, dissolved oxygen of 5-8 mg/l, pH of 7-8, hardness of 43-106 mg/l, total organic matter of 3.16-56.88 mg/l, ammonia of 0.006-0,962 mg/l, percentace covering of 10-15 % and mixed natural and artificial riparian (see Table 2). Sites of group B is composed of a number species moderate degradated, for instance, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomini, Muscidae, Tanypodinae and Viviparidae which where occurred in from fast and very fast current velocity with low and high total organic matter (see Table 2 and Figure 2).
Table 2. Site of group upper Brantas catchment
Note :CV : Current Velocity,T :Temperature
Group Station Macroinvertebrate Water Quality Category
A 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Glossosomatidae, Heptagenidae,
Leptoplebidae, Leptoceridae,
Lepidosmatidae, Limnephilidae, Simulidae, Tabanidae, Tricladida Tipulidae
CV: 50-100 cm/sec
Substrat : hard substratum and a little bit smoothering
T :16-18 °C DO : 5,7--8,81 mg/l pH : 7
Hardness : 24-64 mg/l TOM : 6,32--26,54 mg/l Ammonia : 0,001--0,094 mg/l
% Covering : 60-90 Riparian : Natural
Light Degradated
Typically most running water organism with a little bit smothering
B 46, 47, 53, 55, 72, 73,74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90
Ceratopogonidae, Chironomini, Muscidae, Tanypodinae, Viviparidae
CV: 20-30 cm/ sec Substrat : smoothering T : 17-24 °C DO : 5-8 mg/l pH : 7--8
Hardness : 43-106 mg/l TOM : 3,16--56,88 mg/l Ammonia : 0,006-0,962 mg/l
% Covering : 10-15
Riparian : Mixed natural and artificial
Moderate Degradated
Typically dwelling organism with moderate smothering
C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 36, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 77, 81, 85, 87, 107, 108, 109
Branchiura, Glossiphonidae, Hydropsychidae, Lymnaidae, Nereidae, Richardsonidae
CV : 10-40 cm/ sec Substrat : smoothering T : 19-29,3 °C DO : 2-7 mg/l pH : 7-8
Hardness : 36-200 mg/l TOM : 26,55-50,6 mg/l Ammonia : 0,006--0,234 mg/l
% Covering : 5-15
Riparian : Mixed natural and artificial
Heavy Degradated
Typically dwelling organism with heavy smothering
D 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 58, 71, 88, 91
Chironomous thummi, Naididae, Psycodidae CV : 10-40 cm/ sec Substrat : smoothering T : 21-25 °C
DO : 2-5 mg/l pH : 7-8
Hardness : 50-300 mg/l TOM : 18,96-60,67 mg/l Ammonia : 0,071--2,39 mg/l
% Covering : 5-15
Riparian : Mixed natural and artificial
Very Heavy Degradated
Typically mostly dwelling organism with very heavy smothering
86 Figure 2. CANOCO ordination of the upper Brantas catchment
Site of group C were taken in 2006, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The site situated at Tulungrejo, Punten, Songgokerto, Temas, Torongrejo, Junrejo, Mojorejo, Pendem and Dadaprejo Village with mixed land use settlement, bare land and rainfed agriculture. The type of substratum is smothering, with a temperature of 19 oC - 29.3oC, current velocity of 10-40 cm/sec, dissolved oxygen of 2-7 mg/l, pH of 7-8, hardness of 36-200 mg/l, total organic matter of 26.55-50.6 mg/l, ammonia of 0.006-0.234 mg/l, percentace covering of 5-15 %, mixed natural and artificial riparian (see Table 2). Site of group C is composed of a number species heavy degradated, for instance, Branchiura, Glossiphonidae, Lymnaidae, Nereidae, Richardsonidae and Thiaridae with tipically living in dwelling substratum with high organic content (see Table 2 and Figure 2).
Site of group D were taken in 2007, 2011 and 2014. The site situated at Tulungrejo, Songgokerto, Ngaglik, Sisir, Pandanrejo, Torongrejo, Junrejo and Dadaprejo Village with mixed settlements, rainfed agricultural, bare land and rice field. The type of substratum is smothering, with a temperature of 21-25 oC, current velocity of 10-40 cm/sec, dissolved oxygen of 2-5 mg/l, pH of 7-8, hardness of 50-300 mg/l, total organic matter of 18.96-60.67 mg/l, ammonia of 0.071-2.39 mg/l, percentace covering of 5-15 % and mixed natural and artificial riparian (see Table 2).
Sites of group D is composed of a number species very heavy degradated, for instance, Chironomous thummi, Naididae and Psycodidae with tipically living in dwelling substratum with high organic content see (see Table 2 and Figure 2).
From the result shows that macroinvertebrate communities related to their environmetal factors, particularly the type of substratum and current velocity which becomes main habitat. The upper catchment Brantas situated at mountanenous area. The conversion of forests into other usages, for instance, agricultural and settlement of the area has changed its original macroinvertebrata habitat from a hard substratum becomes soft substratum.
CONCLUSION
Direct gradient analysis, using CCA ordinates 109 sites into four groups condition, namely light degradated, moderat degradated, heavy degradated, and very heavy degradated based on different type of macroinvertebrates. Typical running waters species have a positive correlation with sites with fast current
A
B
C
D
87 velocity and hard substratum, for instance, Glossosomatidae. Species that are typically dwelling standing water have a negative correlation with fast current velocity and soft substratum, for instance, Chironomous thummi and Thiaridae. In conclusion, CCA are applicable to assess the health of the upper Brantas catchment using macroinvertebrate communities
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful thanks to Mas Ayu Dewi Ratna Swari, M. Rosidy Hidayat and Pandu Finsyah Purwaka for their assistance during research implementation. This study is supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, The Government of Indonesia.
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