Hafiizh Prasetia
1, Soemarno
2, Abdul Wahib Muhaimin
3, Ariffin
4, Nova Annisa
51 Graduate Program, Environmental Science, University of Brawijaya
2 Department of Soil Science, University of Brawijaya
3 Department of Agribusiness, University of Brawijaya
4 Department of Agricultural Cultivation, University of Brawijaya
5 Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Lambung Mangkurat
Abstract
The oil palm plantation is influenced by soil quality. The objective of the research is to determine soil characteristics for oil palm plantation in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan. Research was done by soil survey on land unit area and laboratory analysis. Location of research include Tabiku Village, Sembuluh I Village, and Pembuang Hulu I Village. The soil pH were raanging from 5.04 to 6.43. The organic carbon were ranging from 0.77 to 1.49 %. The nitrogen contents were low (0.06 – 0.13 ppm). Phosphor was calculated about 3.85 to 48.14 ppm. Potassium was calculated about 8.86 to 45.31 ppm. Agronomic action used farmer and plantation industry very variance, so characteristic and climate quality, land, agronomic, post harvest wil can level of agronomic compound of oil palm in tide land wich better for produce, efficiency, and green environment. Seruyan regency is a potential area for oil palm plantation development.
Keywords: soil characteristics, land suitability, oil palm.
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of oil palm plantation in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan needs the proper management of land. It is particularly important due to lands has numerous physical, chemical biological properties which are important to support oil palm productivity. Chemical properties of soil affect the productivity of oil palm crops. The deficiency of soils mineral has been reported widely contributes to the decrease of oil palm crop production. Soil biodiversity, for example, offered particular promise as soil health indicators. The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of soil provided opportunities for sustainable oil palm plantation management (Bindraban, et al., 2000; Fageria, et al., 2002).
Sustainable oil palm plantation argues that land management is important. Principally, the argument centered on the fact soils is media for oil palm plants to grow. Many studies have examined the effect of soil nutrients deficiency on oil palm plant performance. Soil ecologist and agriculturist are particularly interested on how plants utilize nutrients that are distributed in soils. Plants growth is affected by the chemical makeup of the soil. Scholars point out that the success sustainable agricultural practices is often considered to be limited by the availability of nutrient in soil. Other factors ch as soil salinity, humidity and alkalinity also play an important role in crop production. Brady (2004) found that the conserved lands provide opportunities for sustainable agriculture practices.
The sustainable production of oil palm involves many considerations of land selection, planting materials, technical and administrative management, labour availability, harvesting efficiency and environmental conditions. The cost of producing economically sustainable yields will depend largely on the nature of the land and soils on which the palms are grown. The nature of the land and soil will, to a large extent, determine the appropriate management practices to be employed and the yield potential. The oil palm has a relatively shallow, coarse and inefficient root system, with most of the active roots found in the upper 30 cm of the soil (Gray 1969; Tinker 1976). Therefore, to maintain an adequate nutrient supply to the palm, the nutrient concentration in the soil must be higher than that required for most crops.
The objective of this paper is to review the soil properties and their effect on oil palm management and yield. Other characteristics of the land, such as the climate, topography, elevation and drainage, also play
Address Correspondence Writer:
Hafiizh Prasetia
Email : [email protected]
Address : MT Haryono Street No.169, Ketawanggede, Lowokwaru Regency, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
34 an important role in determining the management and yield of oil palm. It is, however, important to remember that interactions between the various characteristics are common.
METHODS
Soil characteristics and soil suitability were examined using selected parameter given by Djaenudin, et al., (2003) and Hardjowigeno, and Widiatmaka (2011). Land suitability classes were classified into four categories following Djaenudin, et al., (2003) (Table 1).
Table 1. Land Suitability Class
Class Symbols Land suitability Notes
1 S1 Very suitable Land suitability notes.
2 S2 Moderate Land with medium barrier.
3 S3 Marginal High barrier factor.
4 S4 not suitable High barrier factor, impossible for cultivation.
Data Collection
Soil sample were collected from 3 land unit soil area. Location of research include Tabiku Village (Code T1), Sembuluh I Village (Code T2), and Pembuang Hulu I Village (Code T3). In each land unit, soil was taken from 0-20 cm depth. The sample was taken by a drill and made into composite. About 2 kg soil sample was collected from each land unit. Soil sample were collected in plastic bag, labeled and transferred to laboratory for further soil’s physical and chemical analysis. In laboratory, Soil sample were prepared and air- dried in room temperature at 6-10 days. Soil sample were sifted using 0.5 sifters for soil texture analyses, chemical and physical characteristics. Chemical properties of soils ere examined in Soil Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University.
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION
Seruyan Regency is a division regency from Kotawaringin Timur. Total Area of Seruyan Regency is 16,404 Km2. Seruyan regency is located between 00 77’ South latitude and 30 56’ South latitude and between 1110 49’ and 1120 84’ East longitude so this regency has a tropical condition. In terms of geographic position, Seruyan has boundaries as follows: North : Melawi Regency in Kalimantan Barat Province; South : Jawa Sea;
East : Kotawaringin Timur and Katingan Regency; and West : Kotawaringin Barat and Lamandau Regency (BPS, 2015).
Soils texture is an important factor and influence the physical and chemical properties of soil, particularly in water percolation. Soils particles have identified vary greatly in size. Grandy (2009) found that particle size of soil is the physical factor which is affect water percolation. Based on its size, soils particle are classified into sand, silt and clay. This particle plays an important role in soil formation, soil drainage and water movement in soils. The soil structure of Seruyan Regency was given in Table 2.
Table 2. Soil Structure Of Seruyan Regency
Land Unit Texture (%)
Sand Silt Clay
T1 21.75 42.07 36.17
T2 23.91 42.12 33.96
T3 45.77 16.89 37.34
The soil pH were ranging from 5.04 to 6.43. These crops are suitable to grows in soil with pH ranging from 5.0 - 8.2 (Handayanto, et al., 2011). pH has significant contribution in plant grows, development and production (Falkengren-Grerup and Tyler, 1993).
Organic carbon is important component in soil health. Organic carbon comes through the decomposition of organic matter (i.e. plants and animals residue). Organic Carbon is important in nutrient availability through mineralization (Marsh and Dozier, 1981). Organic carbon in important in soil water
35 conservation due to its ability to store water and release it when needed. Organic carbon in soil contributes to chemical properties of soil such as pH, Cation exchange capacity (CEC) (Nugroho, 2009). The organic carbon were ranging from 0.77 to 1.49 %.
Nitrogen very important during vegetative grows. Nitrogen is required in amino acid anabolism. Amino acid is important component as a building block for enzymes and proteins. Nitrogen contributes to the development of chlorophyll, a key plant cell organelles for photosynthesis. The Nitrogen deficiency therefore contributes to crop productivity. The nitrogen contents were low (0.06 – 0.13 ppm).
Phosphor was calculated about 3.85 to 48.14 ppm. Phosphor is a major nutrient for plant growth (Fuhrman, et al., 2005). Phosphor is the crucial component of DNA. Phosphor deficiency in soil will lead low crop productivity. Phosphor deficency disturb root, steam and leave development. Leave was disturbed and cause crop productivity (Taiz and Zeiger, 2002).
Potassium was calculated about 8.86 to 45.31 ppm. Pottasium deficiency potentially leads to plant abnormality. Chlorosis and defoliation in plants are the impact of Pottasium deficiency. Physiologically, Potassium is considered important in photosynthesis reaction, protein synthesis, starch synthesis, and osmoregulation. Scholar point out that potassium is important in plant respond to drought (Taiz and Zeiger, 2002). Soil chemical properties from Seruyan Regency was given in Table 3.
Table 3. Soil Chemical Properties Of Seruyan Regency
Soil Chemical Land Unit
T1 T2 T3
pH 5.04 6.43 5.53
C-org 1.49 0.77 0.83
N-Total 0,06 0,13 0,1
P2O5 3,85 48,14 43,32
K2O 8,86 10,65 45,31
The objective of this paper is to review the soil properties and their effect on oil palm management and yield. Other characteristics of the land, such as the climate, topography, elevation and drainage, also play an important role in determining the management and yield of oil palm (Table 4). Based on the evaluation, the moderate land for oil palm plantation in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan.
Table 4. Soil Properties
Characteristic Land Unit
T1 T2 T3
Mean annual temp. (°C) 24 - 29 24 - 29 24 - 29
Annual rainfall (mm) 1686,6 1686,6 1831
Dry season (months) 0 0 0
Drainage class
Well and somewhat
excessive
Well and somewhat
excessive
Well and somewhat
excessive
Depth (cm) 50 50 50
pH H2O 5,04 6,43 5,53
C-Organik 1,49 0,77 0,83
Slope (%) <3 <3 <3
Erosion (eh) very low very low very low
Flooding F1 F1 F1
Land Suitability Moderate Moderate Moderate
36 Figure 1 explain the condition existing in Seruyan Regency.
Figure 1. Condition in Seruyan Regency
CONCLUSION
The understanding of land characteristics is important for oil palm plantation practices. The suitability of land leads to the proper land management to increase crop production. Seruyan regency is a potential area for oil palm plantation development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are delighted to thank to Afirus Febian, S.Si, M.Pd and Tirsa Neyatri Bandrang, MEP the head of study program of Agribusiness of Darwan Ali University, and Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi from Post Graduate Department of Brawijaya University for inspiring, giving we are challenges and give scientific critics.
REFERENCES
Bindraban, P., S. Stoorvogel, J.J. Jansen, D.M. Vlaming, and J.J.R. Groot. 2000. Land Quality Indicators for Sustainable Land Management: Proposed Method for Yield Gap and Soil Nutrient Balance.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 81(2): 103-112.
BPS. 2015. Seruyan in 2014. Figures BPS Seruyan. Seruyan.
Brady, N.C. 2004. The Nature and Properties of Soil. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
Djaenudin, D., M. Hendrtsman, H.Subagyo, A. Muyani and N. Suhara. 2003. Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Komoditas Pertanian. Versi 4. Balai Penelitian Tanah Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimal Bogor.
Fageria, N.K., V.C. Baligar and R.B. Clark. 2002. Micronutrients in crop production. Advances in Agronomy.
77: 185-268.
Falkengren-Grerup, U., and G. Tyler. 1993. The Importance Of Soil Acidity, Moisture, Exchangeable Cation Pools And Organic Matter Solubility To The Cationic Composition Of Beech Forest (Fagus sylvatice L.) Soil Sbluticti. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenemahrung Und Bodenkunde. 156 (4), 365-370.
37 Fuhrman, J.K., H. Zhang, J.L. Schroder, R.L. Davis, and M.E. Payton. 2005. Water-Soluble Phosphorus As Affected By Sod To Extractant Ratios, Extraction Times And Electrolyte. Communications In Soil Science And Plant Analysis. 36: 925-935.
Grandy, A.S., M.S. Strickland, C.L. Lauber, M.A. Bradford and N. Fierer. 2009. The Influence of Microbial Communities, Management, and Soil Texture On Soil Organic Matter Chemistry. Geoderma Journal.
150:278-286.
Gray B.S. 1969. A Study Of The Influence Of Genetic, Agronomic And Environmental Factors On The Growth, Flowering And Bunch Production Of The Oil Palm On The West Coast Of West Malaysia. PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.
Handayanto, E., S. Ismunandar and S.R. Utami. 2011. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah dan Konsep Kesuburan Tanah.
Jurusan Tanah Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya. Malang.
Hardjowigeno, S., and Widiatmaka. 2011. Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan dan Perencanaan Tataguna Lahan.
Gadja Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Marsh, W.M., dan J. Dozier. 1981. Landscape: An Introduction to Physical Geography. John Wilwy and Sons.
New York.
Nugroho, Y. 2009. Analisis Sifat Fisik-Kimia dan Kesuburan Tanah pada Lokasi Rencana Hutan Tanaman Indutsri PT Prima Multi Buwana. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 10:222-229.
Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates.
Tinker P.B. 1976. Soil Requirements Of The Oil Palm. Oil palm Research. Elsevier. Amsterdam. Pp. 165–181.
38