NO. I ETHNOGEOGRAPHIC BOARD BENNETT 85

the Military

Government Program." The

Assistant Director

was

so designated.

Three weeks

later,the Acting Chief of the Military

Gov- ernment

Division called to discuss the

problem

of training specialized personnel. Likewise, the

Chairman

of the

Board had

urged a con- ference

on

the

problem

of area teaching in universities

which

the Sponsors

had

turned

down.

In other words, the

Board

might have

had

the opportunity to be in

on

the

ground

floor of the area training programs, in spiteof thefact that theinvitations

were

ofageneralized nature.

By

spring of 1943,

when some

of the

programs had

been started, the possibility of the Ethnogeographic Board's acting as a clearing- house

on

theteachinglevel

was

firstdiscussed.

However,

furthercon- sideration

was

postponed until the next

Board

meeting in

September

of that year.

At

this meeting the Director

was

authorized to hire

an

assistant forthispurpose. Dr.

Bacon was

employed,

and

with thecol- laboration of Dr. Fenton, the survey

was

initiated in

January

1944as previously described.

In

February

1944 ^a

mimeographed

statement called

"Area

(and

Language) Notes" was

distributed tothe universities. This contained special area bibliography, both general

and

specific; sources of maps, not only in publicationsbut also those prepared

by

^{individualteachers}

who were

willing to

make them

available

on

request; evaluations of regional films,

and how

to obtain

them

^;

and

notes on the courses being given at the different universities. Reprints of an article

by Mary

R. Haas,

"The

Linguist as a

Teacher

of Languages,"

were

distributed simultaneously.

The Notes

are excellent

and

illustrate

what

the service

might

havebeen.

However, by February

₁₉₄₄

most

of the

programs had

been running for

some

time,

and many were on

repeat cycles.

The

teachers

had

their

own

organization

and

their

own

materials,

and were no

longer as interested as they

had

been at the beginning.

Even

so the

Notes were

undoubtedly of

enough

benefit to warranttheir continuation.

The Board had

promised to issue such notes

"from

timetotime," butno

more was done

about

them

afterthe resignation of Dr. Bacon. In all justice, Notes

were no

longer needed since thearea instruction itself collapsed shortly after thefirst issue.

This

was

a missed opportunity for greater service, attributable only to the fact that the

Board and

the staff

were

caught napping.

Research

Although

the Ethnogeographic

Board by

definition

was

not a re- search organization, it

was

supposed to both stimulate

and make

re-

86 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. I07 search results available to the

war

departments

and

agencies.

At

least,such afunction

was

^discussedatpracticallyevery

Board

meeting.

Furthermore, various proposals of a general research nature

were made

to the Board, either as suggestions for useful activity or as applications for moral or financial support.

These were

of sufficient

volume

to occasion the appointment of a committee

on

research ⁱⁿ

September

1942.

The

history of that committee is easily written

and

is characteristic of the fate of the so-called research proposals in general.

The

committee

was named

but never convened. Carter Goodrich, in accepting the chairmanship, confessed that he

was

far too busyto

assume

activeleadershipbut

was

willingif thestaff

would

handle all routine.

The

committee

was

supposed to review proposals

and make recommendations

to the Board, but as it

worked

out

no

proposalgot far

enough

evento warrantreview.

The Board members

felt that the staff should build

up

a backlog of information, consisting of carefully digested reports

on

current investigations, compilations on particular areas,

and

statements

on

the research needed to fill in the gaps of

knowledge

on ethnogeo- graphic subjects. It

was

also thought that the quickly prepared re- ports should be followed

up by

sounder,

more

comprehensive studies.

The Board members

failed to point out

how

these

would

be

done

or

who would

do them.

Some

reports

were

prepared, as previously described, but ^all these reflect immediate

demands

rather than a sys- tematiceffort to anticipateneeds or build

up

abacklog.

The

Director, through conferences with

Army and Navy

officials, obtained outlines of the types of area information desired.

These

outlines

were

ob- viously too comprehensive.

For

example, one called for organized

statistical data on:

Area

population

and

its composition;

Government

revenues

and

expenditures; miles of railways, highways, telegraph lines;

major

agricultural crops, livestock,

and

forest products;

and

other features.

Such an

outline

was

impractical for

any

organization smaller than the Office of Strategic Services, but the

Board

might have used it as a basis for one of its

own which would

be adapted to the peculiar abilities of the academic scholars.

A

brief description of a dozen proposals,

which were

considered

by

the Board, gives an idea of the variety,

and

serves as a basis for analyzing the neglect of researchactivities.

I.

SURVEY OF NATIVE ECONOMIC AREAS

IN

NORTH AFRICA

Walter

Cline, of the University of

Minnesota and

the Office of Strategic Services, asked for $1,200 for secretarial services in

com-

NO. I

ETHNOGEOGRAPHIC BOARD — BENNETT

87 pleting a bibliography

on North

Africa,

and

a detailed account of various typical units of population.

The Board

declined, partially be- cause of its policy restricting grants of

money,

but likewise because

it felt the study

was

not only too late to be of practical

war

service, but also that the

new

data being acquired

would outmode

the value of the work.

2.

AFRICA COMMITTEE PROJECTS

The Committee

on African

Anthropology

applied for $i,6oo for completing its personnel lists,

making

a tribal

map

of Africa,

and

for miscellaneous expenses.

The Board

thought that the

map

project should be supported but that other sources of financial support

would

be

more

appropriate.

3.

DIRECTORY OF ORGANIZATIONS

IN

AMERICA CONCERNED WITH OCEANIA AND SOUTHEAST

ASIA

The

East Indies Institute applied for

$500

for the compilation of a directory.

The

request

was

firstturned over to the

American

Council of

Learned

Societies but

was

soon returned with the

comment

that

it

seemed

^to be a proper undertaking for the Board. It

was

also pointed out that a similar directory for

China had

recovered its sub- sidy

by

^{sales to}

Government

agencies.

The

Director thought that the proposed directory

would

be of little service to his office, since he

had

not

had

great occasion to use the analogous one

on

China.

The

following decision

was

reached

(Minutes

of the Executive

Committee

Meeting, April _27, 1943) ^:

The Executive Committee approved sponsoring the project only in case the Directorisable to secureorders, paidinadvance,from oneor moregovernment agencies, suchastheB.E.W., the O.S.S.,or the StateDepartment.

This

was

a

most

eitective dismissal, since to

my knowledge

the

Government

hasnever been

known

^to pay foranythingin advance.

4.

THE STUDY

OF

MODERN CHINESE

CIVILIZATION

Ralph

Linton, of

Columbia

University, applied for financial sup- port forcompilinga bibliography

on

China's ruralsocial

and

economic conditions

and

for

working

with local Chinese informants.

The

re- quest

was

turned

down

because of the Board's policy of not

making

grants.

5.

MAP

OF INDIA

Helmuth

de

Terra

applied for

$300

^for assistance in

making

a

map

of India

showing

theracial distribution of peoples

on

the eastern

88 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. I07 borders, in relationship to

modern

transportation.

The

request

was

turned

down on

pohcy.

6.

THE ETHNOGEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE WEST

COAST

OF SOUTH AMERICA

7.

THE EFFECT

OF

THE CASTE SYSTEM

IN INDIA

UPON CURRENT

POLITICAL

PROBLEMS

At

the first meeting of the

Board

in

August

1942 ^three

problem

conferences

were

suggested for immediate promotion.

The

first,

No.

6, above,

was

considered appropriate for the

American Museum

of Natural History, since

members

of its staff

had

visited practically everypartof thewestcoastof

South America from Panama

toTierra del Fuego.

The

second,

No.

7 above,

might

be sponsored

by

^the University of Chicago.

The

third

was

the

Conference on

Bolivian Indians,

which was

carried out at

Yale

University.

Nothing more was

ever

done

about the first

two

in spite of the apparent success of theonetrial.

8.

CHECK

LIST OF

JAPANESE JOURNALS

Comdr. George

Peter

Murdock

asked the

Board

to compile a check list of Japanese journals with articles

on

Micronesia

which

should beabstracted for the Cross-Cultural

Survey

^files

on

thatarea.

The Board

sentits regretsbecause

no

Japanesescholars

were

available for the job.

9. BIOLOGY

OF THE JAPANESE

Paul Benedict proposed a series of research studies on the biology of the Japanese.

The Board

considered this to be outside of its field of activity.

10.

RACE PROBLEMS

The

Director proposed

naming

a committee ofbiological

and

social scientists to explore the broad implications of race questions,

and

prepare a report

which would

correct the current misstatements

and

emotional attitudes.

The Board members

feltthat

no

change in

emo-

tional attitudesof the Nation

would

result

from

sucha report.

II.

CONFERENCE ON INSTRUCTION FOR POSTWAR ADMINISTRATION

The Chairman

of the

Board

urged the calling of a conference of university administrators

and

Military

Government

officers to co- ordinate the instruction in postwar administration.

The Board was

NO. I

ETHNOGEOGRAPHIC BOARD — ^BENNETT 89

not enthusiastic about

jumping

into a field

where

foundations, coun-

cils, administrators,

and

angels tread with care.

A

follow-up request

was answered by

night letter: "Council executives think university conference

premature

re

postwar

administration.

Wish

to explore farther with

Army and

agency. Directives here not clear . . ."

Ap-

parently the directives remained cloudysince no

more was done

about

this. It is important to note that in spite of the

term

"postwar" this request

was

submitted in

November

1942

and might

have aided the Ethnogeographic

Board

in assisting in the area training programs.

12.

TRAINING OF

ASIATIC

GEOGRAPHERS

The Committee on

Asiatic

Geography,

recognizing the need for

more

trained personnel in this field, proposed a series of upgrading

and

refresher courses.

Geographers

with

advanced

degrees

would

takespecial

work

atChicago,Michigan,

and

Syracuse onIndia,Japan,

and

China.

They

proposed a series of scholarships for this purpose.

The Board

lefttheexecution inthecommittee's hands.

The

research

promotion

of the Ethnogeographic

Board

remained in a

dormant

state in spite of various attempted awakenings.

The Board

did not develop a stockpile of information reports, nor did

it encourage others to do this job. This neglect is recognized in every Director's report together with suggestions for changing the situation. Six

main

blocks to research promotion can be formulated

from

the Director's statements

and from an

analysis of the reception of the proposals outlined above.

I.

PERSONNEL LIMITATIONS

The

staff

was

too small

and

too occupiedwith

what were

considered

more

pressing duties to undertake the organization of area

sum-

maries or thesupervisionof projects. Various attempts

were made

to increase the stafT for this purpose, but

none

proved successful for reasons already discussed

under Board

Organization.

The Board members were

not selected because of lack of other obligations, so that

no one

of

them had

time to

assume

responsibility for research promotion.

Naming more Board members

probably

would

not have remedied this, although increasing the

number

of scholars officially associated with the

Board might

have. Several suggestions for en- larging the

number

ofconsultants

were

rejected.

The

use of part-timepersonnel

was

never developed

by

the Board, although for research reports

and

projects this has proved success-

7

90 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

^VOL. I07 ful elsewhere. In one sense service grants of small

amounts would

have

made many

a report possible,but the Board's policy

was

against this.

2.

FRAMEWORK LIMITATIONS

Perhaps

the greatest blockin building

up

a backlog of valuablearea

summaries was

the lack of a suitable outline.

The few

presented

by

the

Army and Navy were

broad

enough

to tax the Encyclopedia Britannica. Ifall branchesof the Military are taken intoaccount, the required area information covers every topic

known

^to

man,

^plus a

few unknowns. The

Ethnogeographic

Board was

unable to

frame

an outline

which would

be of

maximum

^service to the Military

and

still appeal to the scholars.

Unable may

be too strong a

word

since only one effort

was

ever

made

to

do

this. This

was

an outline pre- pared

by

Solon Kimball for a

book on an

area.

The Board made no

use of this although a publishing firm seized ^it with interest.

3. POLICY RESTRICTIONS

Several applications for small grants of

money

led the

Board

into adopting the following policy at its second meeting: (i)

The Board

is not a fund-raising organization for projects, but limits its

participation to implementation of small

group

meetings

and

secre- tarial assistance; (2)

The Board

is not a jury to pass

on

the im- portance of projects, but is willingto look

them

over, determinetheir interesttotheBoard'sactivities,

and

^possiblysuggest sources of funds.

This

was

notaparticularlyclear statement of policy.

For

example,at the

same

meeting, a discussion of the Distribution Service brought forth the policy that although the

Board

cannot undertake the preparation of these materials for distribution it can

make

small assisting grants.

The

distinction

between

"materials"

and

"reports"

was

not considered.

This policy restricting the granting of funds for useful reports

was most

unfortunate.

(At

the time, the writer

was

the

one who

clamored the loudest for its adoption.)

The

financial resources of the Ethnogeographic

Board were

insufficient to allow too

many

or too large grants,

and

certainly the

Board

should not

have

usurped the standard functions of the Councils. Still, small assisting grants, under the heading of secretarial or clerical assistance if necessary,

would

have enabled

many

reports to be prepared, and, through part- time employment,

more

scholars could have been

made

active participants.