Other Applications - General Applications

7. General Applications

7.7. Other Applications

In addition to those discussed above, there are several other applications of microearthquake networks. For example, microearthquake networks have been used to monitor seismicity around volcanoes, nuclear waste disposal sites, and nuclear power plants. In fact, several of the earliest microearthquake networks were set up to study volcanoes (e.g., Eaton, 1962). Many of the permanent microearthquake networks listed in Table I1 are located in volcanic regions (e.g., Hawaii, Iceland, and Ore- gon), and their primary function is to monitor seismicity as an aid for forecasting volcanic eruptions. Crosson et NI. (1980) described such an application for Mt. St. Helens, which erupted cataclysmically on May 18, 1980. Microearthquake networks often are used to map active faults in the vicinity of nuclear waste disposal sites and nuclear power plants. Results from such studies usually are too specific in nature and commonly are not published in scientific journals.

TABLE 11. Examples of Permanent Microearthquake Networks

Operating or Areal Number Station Annual number

Microearthquake coordinating start Geographic coverage of spacing of located

Country network institution date location (km*) stations (km) earthquakes

China Beijing region Taiwan Abuyama Japan

Akita

Dodaira

Hirosaki

Hokkaido

Hokuriku

Hokushin

State Seism. Bureau, Acad. Sinica, Taipei.

Abuyama Seism. Obs..

Beijing, China Taiwan Kyoto Univ., Takas tsu ^ki-s hi Osaka-fu. Japan Akita Geophys. Obs..

Tohoku Univ..

Sendai. Japan Dodaira Microearthq.

Obs., Earthq. Res.

Inst., Tokyo Univ..

Tokyo, Japan Hirosaki Earthq. Obs.,

Hmsaki Univ..

Hirosaki, Japan Res. Cent. Earthq.

Red., Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Japan Hokuriku Microearthq.

Obs.. DPRI. Kyoto Univ.. Kyoto. Japan Hokushin Obs.. Earthq.

Res. Inst.. Tokyo Univ.. Tokyo. Japan

1972 1%7

1966

1972

1976

1%8

1%7 Asia

Northern Hopei Taiwan

Osaka-fu. Honshu

Akita. Honshu

Kanto district. Honshu

Aomori-ken. Honshu

Southern Hokkaido

Fukui-ken. Honshu

Nagoya-ken, Honshu

120.000 21

30.000 22

10,Ooo 13

10,Ooo 6

1o.Ooo 5

lo00 7

22,000 9

5Ooo 7

1o.Ooo 7

-

⁵⁰⁰

37 1 So0

TABLE I1 (Continued)

Operating or Areal Number Station Annual number

Microearthquake coordinating start Geographic coverage of spacing of located

Country network institution date location (km? stations (km) earthquakes

Japan Kamitakara

Kanto-Tokai

Kitakami

Kochi

Nagoya

Shiraki

Takayama

Tohoku

Tokushima

Tottori

Kamitakara Geophys.

Obs., DPRI. Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan Nat. Res. Cent. Disast.

Prevent., Sakura- mum, Niihari-gun, Ibaraki-ken. Japan Kitakami Seism. Obs..

Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan Kochi Earthq. Obs..

Kochi Univ., Kochi.

Japan Res. Cent. Earthq.

Pred., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya. Japan Shiraki Microearthq.

Obs., Earthq. Res.

Inst., Tokyo Univ., Tokyo, Japan Takayama Seism. ^Obs.,

Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan Obs. Cent. Earthq.

Pred.. Tohoku Univ., Sendai. Japan Tokushima Seism. Obs.,

Kyoto Univ.. Kyoto, Japan

Obs.. DPRI. Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan Tottori Microearthq.

1966

1973

1971 1967 1976 1968

1970 1975 1972 1964

Gifu-ken. Honshu

Ibaraki-ken. Honshu

Iwate-ken, Honshu

Kochi-ken. Shikoku

Central Honshu

Hiroshima-ken, H ons hu

Gifu-ken, Honshu

Tohoku district, Honshu Tokushima-ken,

Shikoku Totton-ken. Honshu

3 18

10 63

14 27

5 24

13 39

3 26

4 22

16 50

4 22

8 32

Pakistan

USSR

Australia

New Zealand

France

Dushanbe

Garm

Wakayama Wakayama Microearthq.

Obs., Earthq. Res.

Inst., Tokyo Univ., Tokyo, Japan Govt. of Pakistan, and

Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Palisades,

New York

Tadzhik Inst. of Seism.

Const. and Seismol- ogy, Dushanbe, USSR Inst. Phys. of the

Earth, Moscow.

USSR Tar beldC has hma

Adelaide Dept of Physics. Univ.

of Adelaide. Adelaide.

Australia School of Earth Sci.,

Australian Natl.

Univ.. Canberra, Australia Tasmania Geology Dept., Univ

Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Pukaki Seism. Obs., DSIR,

Wellington, New New South Wales

Zealand Wellington Seism. Obs., DSIR,

Wellington. New Zealand

R hi negraben Inst. Phys. Globe, of

rno.ooo

1%5 Wakayama-ken.

Hons hu

1973 Nortkrn Pakistan 5O.OOO

1955 Tadzhik SSR

1950 Tadzhik SSR

4usfrakiri rind N e w Zecikurrd 1%2 South Australia

New South Wales

12.000

1o.Ooo

15o.OOO

I2 41

32 40 2000

18 29

-

²⁰⁰⁰

16 L5 3500

9 130

1972 Tasmania 2 o . m 8 50 100

1975 Central South Island 3000 10 17 - 300

1975 Wellington region 5000 11 21 loo0

Europe

Rhinegraben Moo ⁵ 24 150

Univ. of Strasbourg.

Strasbourg. France

TABLE 11 (Continued)

Operating or AX& Number Station Annual number

Microearthquake coordinating ^Start Geographic coverage of spdcing of located

Country network institution date location ⁽km') stations (km) earthquakes

Germany

Iceland

Italy Romania Sweden

-

P Switzerland U.K.

Canada

Costa Rica Guatemala

R hi negraben

Hengill- Hell is heidi

AKOM Vrancea Southern Sweden

Switzerland Lownet

Eastan Canada

Western Canada

Costa Rica Guatemala

Geophys. Inst., Univ. of ¹⁹⁶⁶ Rhinegraben Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe.

Germany Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Inst. Geof.. Litosfera, Milano, Italy Inst. Hydroelec.

Buchmst, Romania Hagfon Obs.. FOA

Fack. ^S-10450 Stockholm, Sweden Swiss Seism. Serv.

Zurich. Switzerland Inst. Geol. Sci.

Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Sci. Inst.. Univ. of

Earth Physics Br..

Dept. Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada Earth Physics Br.,

Dept. Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Canada Univ. Costa Rica. San

Jose, Costa Rica Inst. Nacional de

Sismologia.

Guatemala City, Guatemala

1974 SW Iceland

1973 Central Italy. East coast

1977 Carpathians 1980 Southern Sweden

1974 Swiss Alps and 1%9 Lowland VaUey, Alpine Forelands

Scotland

North crnd Cenrrul Amerriru 1974 Southern Quebec

1975 Southwestern British Columbia

1976 Costa Rica 1975 Guatemala

10,000 8 35

5ooo 8 25

400 5 9

40.000 7 76

m.000 20 100

15,000 14 33

10,000 7 38

20.m

10.000

4 70

4 50

10.000 10 32

40 ,000 30 37

I 50

100

300

-2Ooo

Mexico Cerro F’rieto

Nicaragua Nicaragua

us. Adak

Alaska

Alaska Peninsula ( 2 subnets) Albuquerque Basin

Central California

Eastern Washington Hawaii

INEL Kansas

Los Angeles Basin

Nevada

Centro Investig.

Cientif. Educ. Super.

Ensenada, Ensenada, B.C.. Mexico Inst. de lnvestigaciones

Sismicas, Managua, Nicaragua

CIRES, Univ. Colorado.

Boulder. Colorado Geophys. Inst.. Univ.

Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska

Lamont-Dokrty Geol.

Obs.. Columbia Univ..

Palisades, New York OE. Earthq. Studies,

U.S. Geol. Survey.

Albuquerque, New Mexico

M. Earthq. Studies, U S . Geol. Survey, Menlo Park, California Geophys. Program.

Univ. Washington Seattle. Wash.

Hawaii Volcan. Obs., U S . Geol. Survey, Hawaii Is., Hawaii Idaho Natl. Eng. Lab.,

Idaho Falls, Idaho Kansas G e d . Survey.

Lawrence. Kansas Dept. of Geol. Sci..

Univ. Southern Calif., Los Angeles, California Seismol. Lab., UNv.

of Nevada, Reno.

Nevada

I977

197.5

1974 1977

1973

I976

1%7

1969

1%1

1973 1977 197 I

1970

Cerro Prieto.

Northern Baja

Nicaragua

Adak. Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska

Peninsula. Kodiak Island, Seward Peninsula Shumagin Islands

and Unalaska Island Central New Mexico

Central California

Eastern Washington

Hawaii Island

Southeast Idaho Eastern Kansas Los Angeles Basin,

Southern Calif.

Western Nevada and Eastern California

400

40.OOO

7 -500 800.000

66.OOO

m.ow

50,OOO

10,OOO

10,ow

50,OOO 4Ooo

100.OOO

14 50

2o 13

250 32

6 I2 25

8 -200

.w -m

23 900

100 4Ooo

57 loo0

39 200

14 4Ooo

16 4Ooo

65 12

13 200

45 loo0

TABLE I1 (Continued)

Operating or Areal Number Station Annual number

Microearthquake coordinating Start Geographic coverage of spacing of l a a t e d

Country network institution date location fkm’) stations fkm) earthquakes

U.S. New Madrid

Northeastern United States I7 member net works ) Caribbean Northern

Oklahoma

Oregon

Puerto Rico

Southeastern United States

( I2 member networks Southern Alaska

Southern California

Southern Great Basin

Dept. of Earth and Atm.

Sci., St. Louis Univ..

St. Louis. Missouri Weston Obs.. Boston

College. Boston, Mass.

Lamont-Doherty Geol.

Obs.. Columbia Univ..

Palisades, New York Oklahoma Geophys.

Obs.. Univ. of Oklahoma, Noman, Oklahoma

off. Earthq. Studies.

U.S. G e d . Survey, Menlo Park. California off. Earthq. Studies,

U.S. Geol. Survey.

Denver, Colorado Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg.

Virginia

Off. Earthq. Studies.

U S . Geol. Survey, Menlo Park. California Seismol. Lab., Cal. Inst.

Tech. Pasadena, California Off. Earthq..Studies.

U S . Ged. Survey.

Denver. Colorado

1974 1975

1975 1977

1980

1975 1977

1972 1973 1978

Southeast Missouri

Northeastern United States

Netherland Antilles.

Puerto Rico, Virgin Is.. West lndies Oklabma

Cascade Range, Oregon Puerto Rico

Southeastern United States

Southem Alaska

Southern California

Southern Nevada, NW Arizona.

SE California

m,m

2oo.ooo

3o.ooo

I50,OOO

37,500 10,000 250.000

230.000 100,000 100.000

110

15 10

32 I5 83

50 I50

34 200

43 100

122 60

34 100

26 300

55 100

60 5000

26 6Ooo

45 500

Wasatch Front Dept. Geol. and Geophys.. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Western Geophys. Program.

Washington Univ. Washington.

Yellowstone Off. Seattle, Wash. Earthq. Studies.

U.S. Geol. Survey, Menlo Park, California West Indies Eastern Caribbean Seismic Res. Unit. Univ.

West Indies. Trinidad

1974 Northern Utah 30.000 43 26 1000

1969 Puget Sound Region, 30,000 17 42

Western Washington

1972 Yellowstone Natl. 8000 20 20

Park and vicinity.

Idaho- Wyoming- Montana Windward Islands

1978 Various Leeward and 70.000 I I 80

400 200

TABLE 111. Examples of Reconnaissance Microearthquake Surveys on Land

Number of

Number of Time microearthquakes

Provincei

Country State Locality Seismographs Instr. Sites Year Duration Observed Located Reference

Botswana TanZalliW' Kenya Ethiopia Kenya

Uganda

Afghanistan Iran Iraq Israel

Okavango Delta E. African Rift N W Ethiopian Rift Gregory Rift Kenya Rift Ruwenzori and other Sempaya, districts

Kitagata, and Lake Kitagata

Syowa station McMurdo Sound

Hindu Kush Teheran region Iraq

Dead Sea-Jordan Valley Rift

Africa

Smoked paper portable S - 1974 -3 months -03day Modified ocean- ⁵ 14 ^1966- 5- ¹⁰daysisite Up to 30iday

bottom type 1969

Smoked paper portable - 27 1%9 6weeks Smoked paper portable 3 28 1%7 -700hr Smoked paper portable - 70 1%9- -2500hr Smoked paper portable 4 28 1973 -3months Smoked paper portable 1 - 1973 4days

1970

- - 1973 24 hr

- - 1973 -

Anrarrtica

Standard station - - 1%7- -

Temporary stations 3 3 1974- 1970 - 1 month 1976

Asiu

Smoked paper portable 12 12 1977 -5weeks Smoked paper and 3 I 1 1974 - 1 month 3-component portable 1 set 42 1974- 160 hr

and 1 permanent magnetic tape

1975

5 -500 0-3Wday 5-Wday 0 12

-

¹⁰⁰

-25

-300 23 Smoked paper portable 3 20 1972- 7-40 daysisite -

1973

-50 S c b l z e r a / . (1976)

( 1972)

( 1970) 100 Rykounov ef a / .

Mdnar er a / . Tobin er a / . (1%9)

Aggamal (1971) 19 Mdnarand -200 M a a ~ h a (1975)

Maasha ⁽1976) 6

Kaminuma Kaminuma

1971) 1976)

1200 Chatelain ^eta / . (1980) 37 Hedayati ef a / .

(1976, 1978) Alsinawi and

Banno (1976) Wu ef a/. (1973)

Israelilordan

Japan Honshu

Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu

Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu Kyushu Honshu Honshu Honshu Honshu

Dead Sea region Gobo. Wakayama Ref Wakayama Ref.

MI. Tsukuba, Kanto Matsushiro Neo Valley Kii Peninsula MI. Tsukuba Kanto and Chubu

Ref.

region

Hachiman. Gifu Pref.

Neo Valley fault Neo Valley fault Wakayama W. Kii Peninsula N. Shimabara

Peninsula MI. Minakami.

Matsushiro NE Honshu Tsukechi and

Sakashita S. Neo Valley fault

Ink-pen portable ³ Electronic type ² Accelerograph and 8 Ultrasensitive 3 Ultrasensitive 4 Smoked paper portable 4 Accelerograph and 10 Radio telerecording 6

electronic type

Magnetic tape 2 recording

Magnetic tape 4 Temporary and recording 13

permanent type

Data from cooperative - observations

7 array type and 3 33 individual

10 temporary and 7 17 permanent

I tripartite array 3 1 tripartite array ³ 1 tripartite array and ¹⁰

7 portable

Paper recording 1 Smoked paper and I I I

magnetic tape recording

3 1976 ⁵months 3 1952 46 hr

1956 1 1955 48 hr 1 1956 13 days

6 ^19.55- -

10 1957- -

6 ¹⁹⁵⁸ -

2 ^]%I- 212days

25 1952- -6 months

I%2 1%2

1962 1%2 42days 1962 42days 4 ^1%3 720hr 13 1%3 -1month

- 1%3- -

1964

33 1%5 IS days

17 1%5 15 days 3 1966 2 weeks 3 ¹⁹⁶⁶ 14 hr 20 1%7 20 days

I 1968 -14 days I 1968 76days

11 1968 -

- 82 - 2000

- m / d a y 139 121

- - 519 215 29 I 195 1489

- 2600

470 -

> 1500

- loo0 48 348 -400

- ³⁰ - ¹⁰⁰

- 300 55

Hundreds

71 Hundreds

-100

~ 360

19 2.55 -50

- ⁵⁰

Ben-Mcnahcm er a / . (1977) Miyamura (195%) Miyamura (1959b.

Asada (1957) Asada er u / . (1958) Muramatu er o / . Miyamura ^era / . Miyamura and

1960)

(1963) ( 1%6) Tsujiura (1959) Miyamura er ol.

( 1%2) Miyamura er al.

Miki er ^{a / .}^(1%5) Watanabe and

Nakamura (1967) Hori and

Matumoto ( 1%7) Watanabe and

Kuroiso (1%7) Kubotera and

Kikuchi (1967) Watanabe ^{er a / .}

( 1%7) Hamaguchi er a / .

(1973) Watanabe and

lida ⁽¹⁹⁷⁰⁾ Ooida er a / . (1971)

( 1964)

TABLE 111 (Continued)

Number of

Number of Time microearthquakes

Province/

Country State Locality Seismographs Instr. Sites Year Duration Observed Located Reference

- 120 Ooida and Yamada

Japan Honshu Mikawa district Smokedpaperand 8 8 1%9 75 days -600

Honshu Hiroshima-Shimane 2 tripartite, 1 single, ¹¹ ¹³ ^1%9 ³weeks - ⁵⁰⁰

Honshu Miura-Boso region Magnetic tape 2 2 1970 10days - 120

Honshu W. Sizuoka Ref. 4 temporary type 4

magnetic tape (1972)

border area and ⁴permanent (1970)

recording

-

¹⁶⁰ Kayam ^erul.

58 Ishibashi and Tsumura ( 197 1 )

recording - 100 Yamada and Ooida

( 1972)

4 1970 2 months -

Honshu N. Gifu Ref. ⁷temporary type and 9 9 1971 1 month

Honshu Atera fault Magnetic tape 3

Honshu Ashio, Tochigi Ref. Tripartite anay 3 3 1972- -

2 permanent

recording I 1971 2.5 months

1973 .~

3 1974 13 days

1 1%2 -

26 1974 3 months Hokkaido Noboribetsu hot spring, Tripartite array 3

Quetta Iburi Province Magnetic tape 1 recording

paper portables and 7 permanent portables and 6 permanent

Hsintien-Ilan area Up to 19 smoked 26

17 1977 -3 months Kaohsiung-Pingtung I1 Smoked paper 17

Turkey Marmara Sea region Radio telemetered type 7 7 1971 2 months Pakistan

Taiwan

2800

-5- IOiday 22 Numerous

Ausfruliu und New. Zeulund

New Zealand South Island Marlborough region Smoked paper portable 7 56 1972 3 months

- 100

-

¹⁰⁰

- ¹⁵⁰

-260

> 525 65

> 230

Y a m & er ul (1972) lkami cf ul.

( 1972) Ogino (1974) Hirota (1977) DcNoyer (1%) Tsai ef ul. (1975)

Lin er nl. ( 1979)

Crampin and Ucer

( 1975)

Arabasz and Robinson ⁽1976)

North Island Central North Island South Island Alpine fault m e and

Fiordland region South Island NW Nelson region South Island Alpine fault zone near South Island Clarence Fault Haast

Smoked paper portable 4 Smoked paper portable 10 Smoked paper portable 7 Smoked paper portable 8 Smoked paper portable 6

8 ^1971- -

72 1972 10 weeks

9 1973 -

8 1973 32days 6 1975 13 days

1972 44 29

-200 33 60

- 70

Evison ^efu l . ( 1976) Scholz el a / .

( 1973a) Robinson and

Arabasz (1975) Caldwell and

Frohlich (1975) Kieckhefer ( 1977) 2- l2iday

I22

- 2iday Europe

Finland Kuusamo region Telemetered 3 3 1972 3 weeks 12 regional

events Koschyk and

Steinwachs (1977) FranceiItaly

Iceland

Western Alps Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Smoked paper portable I1 Smoked paper portable 3 16 2 tripartite anays and 5 and 2

smoked paper arrays portable

Smoked paper portable 3 Smoked paper. 13 broadband and radio 23 telemetered

Smoked paper, 23 broadband and radio telemetered recording recording recording SMTR instruments

Magnetic tape 7

Magnetic tape 6

Magnetic tape 5

SKM-3, SKD. -

Smoked paper portable 5

- 1977 1 mmth - 1978 Imonth) 78 1%7 -2000hr 154 1968 38 hrisite

Frechet and Pavoni (1979) Ward ^elol. ( 1%9) Ward and

Bjornsson (1971) Conant (1972) Klein el crl. (1973) 24 1970 1204 hr

13 1971 -2 weeks 23 1972 -7 weeks 23 1972 -6 weeks

-600 20lday 12-Wday 17,000 Geothermal areas

Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Reykjanes Peninsula Mid-Atlantic Ridge,

Tjednes Peninsula Stromboli EtM Anapa region,

Caucasus Swiss Alps

> I50

> 150

25 14 Klein ^{P I}a / . f1977)

7 1972- 2.5 months 15 1973 - I week 14 1973 76 hr

1973

1 IW- 2 years - 1975- 7 weeks 1970

1976

-900 1329 Many

-w

208 Zverev P I a / . Del Pezzo ef o l . Lo Bascio ef crl.

Aronovich ef crl.

Pavoni (1977)

( 1978)

( 1975)

( 1976)

( 1972) USSR 81

Switzerland

F’rovincei Country State

Canada Quebec Quebec

El Salvador El Salvador,

Guatemala, Nicaragua

Mexico Baja Calif.

N. Baja Calif.

U.S. Alaska

Alaska Alaska

Alaska U.S./Canada Alaska and

British Columbia U . S . California

Locality

St. Lawrence Valley St. Lawrence Valley

Ahuachapan geothermal area Central American

volcanoes San Miguel fault zone Agua Blanca and San

Miguel faults Katmai Natl.

Monument Mali fault zone, MI.

McKinley Natl. Park Denali fault between

Mt. McKinley Natl.

Park and Haines Crillon Lake. Fair-

weather Fault zone SE Alaska and NW

British Columbia San Jacinto fault SE

of Anza

Number of Time

Seismographs Instr. Sites Year Duration

Number of microearthquakes

Observed Located Reference

North and Central America

Hot stylus portable 7 16 1970 6-7 weeks Telemetered and 20 19 1974 -2 months

portable

Magnetic tape 5 3 1%9- 6months

Smoked paper portable 1 recording 7 1972 1970 -300 hr

Smoked paper portable 3 22 1970- -800 hr Smoked paper portable 5 I5 1974 2 months Tripartite anay and 5 - 1%5 39days High-gain portable 3 7 l%S 236hr Smoked paper portable 4 22 1%7 1-3 daysisite

1973

2 single

Smoked paper portable I 1 1963 53 hr Hot stylus portable 4 7 1%9 81 days

Caltech trailer 6 I2 1966- - 5 weeks 1%7

- 2E Leblanc et a / . - 35 Leblancand ⁽¹⁹⁷³⁾

Buchbinder

( 1977) (1971)

- ^-500 17 Ward and Jacob

- ^lo00 Wood (1974)

- lo00 -20 Reyes ^ctal. (1975)

- ^-200 Johnsw et ul.

( 1976)

> 1800 -560 Matumoto and

Ward (1%7)

520 Bouckr et 01.

( 1968) Fitch ⁽1W)

A few Boucher ^and

eventsiday

87 Page (1969)

140 77 Rogers (1976)

- -100 Arabasz et a/

(1970)

California California California California California California California California California

California California California California California California California

California California California

San Andreas fault system Coast of N.

California The Geysers. Sonoma

County

Lassen Peak Volcano Mono Lake, N .

Owens Valley Geysers geothermal

area Whittier fault Elsinore fault zone Cape Mendocino

Fontana-San Bernardino area Long Valley

geothermal area Mesa geothermal area,

Imperial Valley San Jacinto Valley,

Riverside County Coso geothermal area.

China Lake Salton Sea geothermal

area

Caltech trailer 8 Smoked paper portable 5

Magnetic tape 6

recording

USGS 10-day portable 8 USGS 10-day portable 29 USGS telemetered ⁸ USGS telemetered I 1 Smoked paper portable 6 8 Radio telemetered ¹⁰

and others type type

type and 2 permanent

Smoked paper portable 6 USGS 10-day portable 16 Smoked paper portable 6 Smoked paper portable 6 6 smoked paper and 9 ¹⁵ 5 smoked paper and 2 magnetic tape 7

permanent

San Andreas Fault from Caltech trailer 7 Carrizo Plains to

Lake Hughes

Auburn Smoked paper portable 8 Auburn Smoked paper portable 5 The Geysers, Sonoma Radio telemetered. 16

County triggered digital. and smoked paper

-60 1%- >3S,OOO hr

25 1%8 -

6 1968 120 hr 8 1969 13 days 31 1970 20 days 8 1971 3 weeks 1% total

25 1971- -9months 20 1972 >5000hr 10 1972 3 months

1972

16 1972- ^6OOOhr 20 ¹⁹⁷³1973 5 weeks

6 1973 -5 weeks 10 1973 6weeks I5 1974 33 days 7 1975 8 weeks 20 1976 38-69 days

8 1976 I 1 weeks 5 1976 3 months - 1976 5 days

1977 I I days

0-75iday - 29

140 - -

0.5-3.7iday

- Hundreds 0- 17lday

>2OOo 2-3lday

I5 22

160 19 29 74 53 31 53 I SO

-

70 76 36

-

¹⁰⁰

78 -100

- 165

I5 22 40

BNW and Allen (1%7) Setber er a / .

(1970) Lange and Unger and

coaklcy (1971) Pitt and Steeples

(1975) Hamilton and

MuWer (1972) Lamar (1973) Langcakamp and

Combs ⁽¹⁹⁷⁴⁾ Simila er a / . (197s)

WeSQhd (1%9)

Hadley and Combs (1974) Steeples and Pitt

(1976) Combs and

Hadley (1977) Cheatum and

Combs ⁽¹⁹⁷³⁾ Combs and

Rotstein (1976) Gilpin and Lee

( 1978) Carlson er a / .

( 1979) McNally er a / .

( 1978b) Cramer ^er^{a / .}

( 1978) Majer (1978)

TABLE 111 ( Continued)

Number of

Number of Time microearthquakes

Province/

Country State Locality Seismographs Instr. Sites Year Duration Observed Located Reference

us. Colorado

Hawaii Idaho Montana and

Utah Montana and

Wyoming Montana Nevada Nevada Nevada Nevada Nevada and

California Nevada

New Jersey New Jersey New Mexico

San Luis Valley Hawaiian Ridge Snake River, Stanley/

Intermountain seismic Hebgen Lake-

Sunbeam belt

Yellowstone Park region

area

Helena- Marysville Fallon area Fairview Peak area Fairview Peak and Fairview Peak area Nevada seismic zone Buffalo Valley. Grass

Reno areas

Valley, Buena Vista Valley

Sterling Mine.

Ogdensburg Lake Hopatcong socorro

Smoked paper portable 3 Ocean-bottom type - Smoked paper portable ⁹ Smoked paper portable 6 Smoked paper portable 6

and land-based

Smoked paper portable ⁶ Film and magnetic ⁵ Magnetic tape ²⁴ High-gain portable ² Magnetic tape 4

tape recording recording

recording

Smoked paper portable ⁶ Smoked paper and -

radio telemeter4 1 high-gain and 8 9 Smoked paper portable 4

High-gain 7

permanent

8 -

-29 82

3 7 24 10 4 29 -

8 6 3

1974 1976- 1977 1972 1%9 1972

1973 1%3 l%5 1%S 1%

1%9 1976

1%2- 1%3 1%9 1W-

3 weeks 8 months 3 weeks 8 days -50 days

-2 months 70 days

129 days I15 br

65 hr 6 weeks -3000 hr 8 weeks

730 hr 24 days 20 months

6 359 0 40 -

Wday - 216 1386 -2OO/day 3 1 /day

-

^lo00

- 120

8 Several 26

I 65 18 0 120 182

97 187 224

315

mi - 70

5 20 13

Keller and ^Adams

( 1976) EstiU and Odemrd

(1978) Penningtm el a / .

(1974) Sbar et a / .

( 3972b) Trimble and

smith (1975) Frddline ^el^{a / .} Mickey (1%) Westphal and

Lange (1%7) Oliver ^er^{a / .}^(1%) Stauder and Gumper and Majer (1978)

( 1976)

RyaU (1%7) Scholz ⁽¹⁹⁷¹⁾

lsacks and Oliver (1%4) Sbar er a / . (1975) Sanford and

1%2 hundred Holmes (1%2)

New Mexico Socorro High-gain 5 6 1960- - Tennessee SE Missouri and Smoked paper portable 4 I2 1963 I%5 I I days

and W. Tennessee

Missouri

Tennessee Maryville-Alcoa Smoked paper portable 5 5 1976 SO days Virgin Is. E. area Puerto Rico and 4 high-gain portables 6 8 ^1%5 2 weeks

and Puerto the Virgin Is. and 2 permanent Rico

Virginia Hot Springs area Smoked paper portable 3 7 1973 440hr Virginia Cenual Virginia Smoked paper portable 3 26 1974 91.Zdays Washington MI. Rainier Volcano USGS 10-day portable 5 5 1963 30days Washington MI. Rainier Volcano USGS 10-day portable Y 9 1%Y - 1 month

Wyoming Yellowstone Natl. Park - 12 -29 1972- -26 weeks

seismic zone

1976

geothermal region recording 1975

-

g West Indies St. Luck Sulphur Springs Slow-speed tape 5 5 1974- 39days S ourh A f n ericu

Colombia Bucaramanga 3-component portable 8 8 1976 3.5 days

and 2 permanent

- 34

45 6

I 1 4

77 19

43 -11

-

^34s ⁶⁵

IO/day 67

- - lo00 - 7

27 23

Sanford and Long (1%5) Lammlein er ul

(1971) Sodbinow and Murphy Bollinger er ol. ( 1978)

( 1970) Bollinger and

Gilbert (1974) Bollinger (1975) Ungcr and Decker Unger and Mills Smith er a/. (1977) Aspinall er ol.

( 1970) ( 1972)

(1976)

Pennington er ol

( 1979)

-

^TABLEÎV. ÊxamplesôfReconnaissance Micraearthquake Surveys at Sea

30 rn

Number of

Number of Time microearthquakes

Location Seismographs Instr. Sites Year Duration Observed Located Reference

Arlanrir Ocean

Mid-Atlantic Ridge mar Magnetic ^taperecording and ¹ 2 ¹⁹⁷² 8days 6-Miday Francis and Porter (1972) Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 37" N Magnetic lape recording and 2 2 1973 -18 days 699 -50-60 Francis rr 01. (1977) Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 3 P N Telemetered radio sonobuoys > 3 - 1973 ¹¹days ¹⁰⁴ 59 Reid and MacDonald (1973) Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Expendable radio tclemetered 3 - 1973 72 hr 112 29 Spindel er 01. (1974) Mid-Atlantic Ridge, E. St. Ocean-bottom type 4 4 1974 -6days > 300 > 6 Francis ^CIol. (1978) Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 45" N. Ocean-bottom type 3 3 1975 -8 days ^{1 4 5 0} 91 Lilwall ^ercd. (1977, 1978) Reykjanes Ridge near ^59"N Ocean-bottom type 2 2 1977 7.5 days ¹⁰⁰ 34 Lilwall ^erol. (1980)

45'35' N ocean-bottom type

ocean-bottom type

36'30' N. m d i valley sonobuoys Paul's bacture mne

median valley

I n d i ~ n Oreon I 1976 50 km NW of RRR triple

junction

Mendocino escarpment, NW Japan Trench, off Sanriku Gulf of California. Mexico Galapagos spreading center Galapagos spreading center,

near Galapagos Island Gulf of California, Mexico Central Basin fault,

Philippine Sea Central part of Fiji Plateau Gorda Ridge

coast of California

Blanco fracture zone E. Pacific Rise and Rivera

fracture zone

Ocean-bottom type ¹

Ocean-bottom type 2

Ocean-bottom type 4

Telemetered sonobuoys -

Sonobuoys -

Telemetered sonobuoys and 8

Ocean-bottom type I

Quadripartite sonobuoy array, 1 array 2 land stations

radio telemetered and tape recorded

Pucific Ocron 2 1%-

I97 I 4 1970

- I972 - 1972 - 1972 3 1972- 1 1973 1 1973 2 1973 1973

-2 weeks 38

- 5 years -650 - 200

-9dayc ^1-12 25

-6weeks -1100

86 min ⁵⁸

- 9 9 .. hr I5 - 8Oihr

Uweek - 2Mx) -75

63 hr I20

10 days 1 I7

-20 hr 69 10

locals/day

2 tripartite sonobuoy arrays 2 arrays 4 1973 26 hr 38 32

Ocean-bottom capsules in 3 I array 3 1974 -29 days - loo0 - ¹⁰⁰

separate tripartite arrays

Solomon ef ( I / . ( 1977)

Nowroozi (1973) Nagumo êrd . (19761 Reid êlâ/.(1973) Northrop ⁽¹⁹⁷⁴⁾

MacDonald and Mudie ⁽1974) Reichle and Reid ⁽1977) Shimamura er 01. ( 1975) Nagumo ^efo / . (1975) Jones and Johnson 1978)

Johnson and Jones ⁽1978) Prothero ef a / . (1976): Reid and

Prothero (1981)

TABLE V. Examples of Micro-Aftershock Studies

Main shock Number of

microearthquakes

Date Name Magnitude Field observation Time period Observed Located Reference

Jun. 28. 1948 Fukui (Hukui).

Japan

Oct. 5. 1948 Ashkhabad, USSR

Dec. 26, 1949 Imaichi, Japan

-

^{Aug. 19,}^1%1 Kitamino, Japan m m

Mar. 28, ¹⁹⁶⁴ Alaska

Jun. 16, 1964 Niigata. Japan

Nov. 16, 1964 Corralitos.

Aug. 1%5 Matsushiro California swarms, Japan

Sep. 10, I%5 Antioch, California Jun. 28. 1%6 Parkfield.

California

7.3

7.6

6.7

7.0 8.3

7.5

5.0 (Swam)

4.9 5.5

Tripartite array of 3 high-gain, short-period, vertical-comp.

stations of 3000)

of 10.000 to 35,000) short-period, horizontal-comp.

stations

Tripartite array with one 3-comp.

and 2 vertical-comp. stations Quadripartite army with one

3-comp. and 3 vertical-comp.

stations

2 tripartite arrays with 5 high-gain short-period stations

I5 temporary stations to augment existing stations by various g r o u p

3 temporary stations to augment existing stations

16 temporary stations to augment existing stations

Tripartite array at 4 sites 1 temporary station to augment

existing stations

Data from Univ. of California Seismographic Stations plus temporary stations by various POUPS

4 temporary stations (magnification 7 temporary stations (magnification Tripartite array of 3 high-gain.

Jut. 14- Aug. 10, 1948 Jut.-Oct. 1949 Jun.-Sep. 1953 Dec. 29. 1949-

Jan. 10. 1950 Aug. 27-Sep. 20, May 19-Jun. 7, ^1%1

1964 Jul. 2-5. 1964 Jun. 23-Jut. 6.

1964

Nov. 16-23. 1964 Oct. l%Z-Oct.

Oct. ]%%May Sep. 11-20. ^1%5 Jun. 28. 1%-

Ian. 12. 1%7 1%7 I %7

262 0

1 .(oo 150

1500 100

623 0

694 149

9061 797

- 249 - 400

> 100 35

- 8061

- > 30,000

106 29

- 20 I

Asada and Suzuki ⁽1949)

Rustanovich (1957) Rustanovich ⁽1957) Asada and Suzuki ( 19-50)

Miyamura ^ela / . (1961) Aki er ul. (1%)

Matumoto and Page (1%) Kayano ⁽^1%8)

McEvilly ⁽^1%)

Hagiwan and lwata ⁽1968) Hamada (1968)

McEvilly and Casaday I1%7) McEvilly er a / . 11%7)

Dalam dokumen Principles and Applications of Microearthquake Networks (Halaman 176-200)