II. POST-EXILIC
8. OTHER MEANINGS
Some other subdivisions of meanings might be added, for example where
“flesh” takes almost the place of “person,” as in <510201>Colossians 2:1: “as many as have not seen my face in the flesh,” i.e. have not known me personally, or 2:5, “absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit,” etc.
H. L. E. Luering
FLESH AND BLOOD See FLESH, 5.
FLESH-HOOK
<flesh’-hook> ([glez]m”, mazlegh], and plural [twOgl;z]mi, mizlaghoth]): One
of the implements used around the sacrificial altar. According to Divine direction given to Moses (<022703>Exodus 27:3; 38:3), it was to be made of brass, but later David felt impelled by “the Spirit” or “in his spirit” to determine that for use in the magnificent Temple of Solomon it should be made of gold (<132817>1 Chronicles 28:17). But Huram made it, with other altar articles, of “bright brass” (<140416>2 Chronicles 4:16). In Samuel’s time, it was made with three hook-shaped tines, and was used in taking out the priests’
share of the meat offering (<090213>1 Samuel 2:13,14). With the other altar utensils, it was in the special charge of the Kohathites (<040414>Numbers 4:14).
The hooks mentioned in <264043>Ezekiel 40:43 were altogether different and for another purpose.
See HOOK.
Leonard W. Doolan FLESH-POT
<flesh’-pot> ([rc;B;h” rysi, cir ha-basar], “pot of the flesh”): One of the
six kinds of cooking utensils spoken of as pots or pans or caldrons or basins. Probably usually made of bronze or earthenware. The only mention of flesh-pots, specifically so named, is in <021603>Exodus 16:3.
See FOOD.
FLIES
<fliz>.
See FLY.
FLINT
<flint> ([vymiL;j”, challamish] (<050815>Deuteronomy 8:15; 32:13; <182809>Job
28:9; <19B408>Psalm 114:8), [rxo, tsor] (<020425>Exodus 4:25; <260309>Ezekiel 3:9), [rxe,
tser] (<230528>Isaiah 5:28), [rWx, tsur] (<182224>Job 22:24; <198943>Psalm 89:43), [µyrixu, tsurim] (<060502>Joshua 5:2 f); (ko>clax, = [ka>clhx, kechlex] “pebble”), [kochlax] (1 Macc 10:73)): The word challamish signifies a hard stone, though not certainly flint, and is used as a figure for hardness in <235007>Isaiah 50:7, “Therefore have I set my face like a flint.” A similar use of [tsor] is found in <260309>Ezekiel 3:9, “As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead,” and <230528>
Isaiah 5:28, “Their horses’ hoofs shall be accounted as flint”; and of tsela` in <240503>Jeremiah 5:3, “They have made their faces harder than a rock.” The same three words are used of the rock from which Moses drew water in the wilderness: challamish (<050815>Deuteronomy 8:15;
<19B408>
Psalm 114:8); tsur (<021706>
Exodus 17:6; <050815>
Deuteronomy 8:15; <197820>
Psalm 78:20; <234821>Isaiah 48:21); cela` (<042008>Numbers 20:8; <160915>Nehemiah 9:15;
<197816>Psalm 78:16). Tsur and cela` are used oftener than challamish for great
rocks and cliffs, but tsur is used also for flint knives in <020425>Exodus 4:25,
“Then Zipporah took a flint (the King James Version “sharp stone”), and cut off the foreskin of her son,” and in <060502>Joshua 5:2 f, “Yahweh said unto Joshua, Make thee knives of flint (the King James Version “sharp knives”), and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time.” Surgical implements of flint were used by the ancient Egyptians, and numerous flint chippings with occasional flint implements are found associated with the remains of early man in Syria and Palestine. Flint and the allied mineral, chert, are found in great abundance in the limestone rocks of Syria, Palestine and Egypt.
See ROCK.
Alfred Ely Day FLOAT (FLOTE)
<flot>.
See RAFT; SHIPS AND BOATS
FLOCK See CATTLE.
FLOOD
<flud>: In the King James Version not less than 13 words are rendered
“flood,” though in the Revised Version (British and American) we find in
some passages “river,” “stream,” “tempest,” etc. The word is used for: the deluge of Noah, [lWBm”, mabbul] (<010617>Genesis 6:17 ff); [kataklusmo>v, kataklusmos] (<402438>Matthew 24:38,39; <421727>Luke 17:27); the waters of the Red Sea, [lz”n;, nazal] (<021508>Exodus 15:8); the Euphrates, nahar, “Your fathers dwelt of old time on the other side of the flood”. (the Revised Version (British and American) “beyond the River” <062402>Joshua 24:2): the Nile, [rwOay], ye’or], “the flood (the Revised Version (British and
American) “River”) of Egypt” (<300808>Amos 8:8); the Jordan, [rh;n;, nahar],
“They went through the flood (the Revised Version (British and American)
“river”) on foot” (<196606>Psalm 66:6); torrent, [µr,z,, zerem], “as a flood (the Revised Version (British and American) “tempest”) of mighty waters”
(<232802>Isaiah 28:2); [potamo>v, potamos], “The rain descended and the floods
came” (<400725>Matthew 7:25); [plhmmu>ra, plemmura], “When a flood arose, the stream brake against that house” (<420648>Luke 6:48).
Figurative: [lj”n”, nachal], “The floods of ungodly men (the Revised Version (British and American) “ungodliness,” the Revised Version, margin “Hebrew Belial”) made me afraid” (<102205>2 Samuel 22:5; <191804>Psalm 18:4); also [rao, ‘or] (<300808>
Amos 8:8 (the King James Version)); [tl,Bovi, shibboleth] (<196902>Psalm 69:2); [tf,v,, sheTeph] (<271122>Daniel 11:22 (the King James Version)); [tf,ve, sheTeph] (<193206>Psalm 32:6 (the King James
Version)); [potamofo>rhtov, potamophoretos] (<661215>Revelation 12:15 (the King James Version)).
See DELUGE OF NOAH.
Alfred Ely Day FLOOR
<flor>.
See HOUSE; THRESHING-FLOOR
FLOTE (FLOAT)
See RAFT; SHIPS AND BOATS.
FLOUR
<flour>.
See BREAD; FOOD.
FLOURISH
<flur’-ish> ([jr”P;, parach], [6Wx, tsuts]; [ajnaqa>llw, anathallo]): The
translation of parach, “to break forth” (<197207>Psalm 72:7; 92:12,13;
<201411>
Proverbs 14:11; <236614>
Isaiah 66:14; <220611>
Song of Solomon 6:11; 7:12; the Revised Version (British and American) “budded”); of tsuts “to bloom”
(<197216>Psalm 72:16, 90:6; 92:7; 103:15; 132:18); ra`anan, “green,” “fresh,” is
translated “flourishing” in <199214>Psalm 92:14, the Revised Version (British and American) “green,” and ra`anan, Aramaic in <270404>
Daniel 4:4; nubh, “to sprout” (Zec 9:17, the King James Version “cheerful”).
In an interesting passage (<211205>Ecclesiastes 12:5 the King James Version), the Hiphil future of na’ats, meaning properly “to pierce or strike,” hence, to slight or reject, is translated “flourish”; it is said of the old man “The almond tree shall flourish,” the Revised Version (British and American)
“blossom” (so Ewald, Delitzsch, etc.); na’ats has nowhere else this meaning; it is frequently rendered “contemn;” “despise,” etc. Other renderings are, “shall cause loathing” (Gesenius, Knobel, etc.), “shall be despised,” i.e. the hoary head; “The almond tree shall shake off its flowers,” the silvery hairs falling like the fading white flowers of the almond tree; by others it is taken to indicate “sleeplessness,” the name of the almond tree (shaqedh) meaning the watcher or early riser (compare
<240111>
Jeremiah 1:11, “a rod of an almond-tree,” literally, “a wakeful (or early) tree”), the almond being the first of the trees to wake from the sleep of winter.
See ALMOND.
“Flourish” appears once only in the New Testament, in the King James Version, as translation of anathallo, “to put forth anew,” or “to make put forth anew” (<500410>Philippians 4:10): “Your care for me hath flourished again,” the Revised Version (British and American) “Ye have revived your thought for me.”
W. L. Walker FLOWERS
<flou’-erz> (BLOOM, BLOSSOM, etc.):
(1) [l[ob]Gi, gibh`ol], literally, “a small cup,” hence, calyx or corolla of a flower (<020931>Exodus 9:31, “The flax was in bloom”).
(2) [6ne, nets] (<014010>
Genesis 40:10, [hX;ni, nitstsah], “a flower” or “blossom”;
<181533>Job 15:33; <231805>Isaiah 18:5). These words are used of the early berries of
the vine or olive.
(3) [ˆX;ni, nitstsan], “a flower”; plural only, [µyniX;ni, nitstsanim] (<220212>Song of Solomon 2:12, “The flowers appear on the earth”).
(4) [jr”P,, perach], root to “burst forth” expresses an early stage of flowering; “blossom” (<230524>Isaiah 5:24; 18:5); “flower” (Nahum 1:4, “The flower of Lebanon languisheth”). Used of artificial flowers in candlesticks (<022531>
Exodus 25:31 ff).
(5) [6yxi, tsits], “flower” (<234006>Isaiah 40:6); plural [µyXixi, tsitstsim], flowers as architectural ornaments (<110618>1 Kings 6:18); [hx;yxi, tsitsah], “the fading flower of his glorious beauty” (<232801>Isaiah 28:1,4; also <041708>Numbers 17:8;
<181402>Job 14:2, etc.).
(6) [a]nqov, anthos], in Septuagint equivalent of all the Hebrew words (Jas 1:10,11; <600124>
1 Peter 1:24).
The beauty of the profusion of flowers which cover Palestine every spring receives but scant reference in the Old Testament; <220212>Song of Solomon 2:12 is perhaps the only clear reference. It is noticeable that the native of Syria thinks little of flowers unless it be for their perfume. our Lord’s reference to the flowers (“lilies”) is well known (<400628>
Matthew 6:28;
<421227>Luke 12:27). For details of the flowers of modern Palestine, see
BOTANY. The aptness of the expression “flower of the field” for a type of the evanescence of human life (<181402>
Job 14:2; <19A315>
Psalm 103:15; <234006>
Isaiah 40:6; Jas 1:10) is the more impressive in a land like Palestine where the annual display of wild flowers, so glorious for a few short weeks, is
followed by such desolation. The fresh and brilliant colors fade into masses of withered leaves (not uncommonly cleared by burning), and then even these are blown, away, so that but bare, cracked and baked earth remains for long months where once all was beauty, color and life.
E.W.G. Masterman
FLUE; NET
<floo>(King James Version, margin <350115>
Habakkuk 1:15).
See FISH; FISHING.
FLUTE
<floot>.
See MUSIC.
FLUX
<fluks>.
See BLOODY FLUX; DYSENTERY.
FLY; FLIES
<fli> <fliz> [bro[;, `arobh] (<020821>Exodus 8:21 ff; <197845>Psalm 78:45; 105:31;
Septuagint [kuno>muia, kunomuia]; “dog-fly”), [bWbz], zebhubh]
(<211001>Ecclesiastes 10:1; <230718>Isaiah 7:18; Septuagint [mui~ai, muiai], “flies”);
compare [bWnz] l[“B”, ba`al-zebhubh], “Baal-zebub” (<120102>2 Kings 1:2 ff), and [beelzebou>l, beelzeboul], “Beelzebul,” or [beelzebou>b,
beelzeboub], “Beelzebub” (<401025>
Matthew 10:25; 12:24,27; <421115>
Luke
11:15,18,19); compare Arabic dhubab, “fly” or “bee”; (Note: dh for Arabic dhal, pronounced like d or z or like th in “the”): The references in Psalms as well as in Exodus are to the plague of flies, and the word `arobh is rendered “swarm of flies” throughout, except in <197845>
Psalm 78:45; 105:31 the King James Version, where we find “divers sorts of flies” (compare Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) omne genus muscarum). In
<020821>Exodus 8:21 we read, “I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon
thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are”; in <020824>Exodus 8:24, .... “the land was corrupted by reason of the swarms of flies”; in <197845>Psalm 78:45, “He sent among them swarms of flies, which devoured them.” There has been much speculation as to what the insects were, but all the texts cited, including even <197845>Psalm 78:45, may apply perfectly well to the common house fly (Musca domestica). Some species of blue-bottle fly (Calliphora) might also suit.
The other word, zebhubh, occurs in <211001>Ecclesiastes 10:1, “Dead flies cause the oil of the perfumer to send forth an evil odor; so doth a little folly outweigh wisdom and honor”; and <230718>Isaiah 7:18, “And it shall come to pass in that day, that Yahweh will hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria:”
The house fly would fit perfectly the reference in each, but that in Isaiah would seem to suggest rather one of the horse flies (Tabanidae) or gad flies (Oestridae). Whatever fly may be meant, it is used as a symbol for the military power of Egypt, as the bee for that of Assyria.
Owing to deficiencies in public and private hygiene, and also for other reasons, house flies and others are unusually abundant in Palestine and Egypt and are agents in the transmission of cholera, typhoid fever,
ophthalmia and anthrax. Glossina morsitans, the tsetse fly, which is fatal to many domestic animals, and Glossina palpalis which transmits the sleeping sickness, are abundant in tropical Africa, but do not reach Egypt proper.
See PLAGUES.
Alfred Ely Day FLY
(Verb; [tW[, `uph] [peta>omai, petaomai], or, contracted, ptaomai): Used in preference to “flee” when great speed is to be indicated. “To fly” is used:
(1) Literally, of birds, `uph (<010120>Genesis 1:20; <195506>Psalm 55:6); da’ah (<052849>
Deuteronomy 28:49), of sparks (<180507>
Job 5:7); of the arrow
(<199105>Psalm 91:5); of the seraphim (<230602>Isaiah 6:2,6); of an angel
(<270921>Daniel 9:21, ya`aph, “to be caused to fly”); of swift action or
movement (<191810>Psalm 18:10; <244840>Jeremiah 48:40); of people (<231114>Isaiah 11:14); of a fleet (<236008>
Isaiah 60:8; <091519>
1 Samuel 15:19, `it; 14:32, `asah,
“to do,” etc.).
(2) Figuratively, of a dream (<182008>Job 20:8); of man’s transitory life (<199010>
Psalm 90:10); of riches (<202305>
Proverbs 23:5); of national glory
(<280911>Hosea 9:11).
For “fly” the Revised Version (British and American) has “soar” (<183926>Job 39:26) “fly down” (<231114>Isaiah 11:14); for “flying” (<233105>Isaiah 31:5) the American Standard Revised Version has “hovering.”
W. L. Walker
FOAL
<fol>.
See COLT.
FOAM
<fom> ([tx,q,, qetseph] (<281007>Hosea 10:7); [ajfro>v, aphros] (<420939>Luke
9:39), [ajfri>zw, aphrizo] (<410918>Mark 9:18,20), [ejpafri>zw, epaphrizo]
(<650113>Jude 1:13)): Qetseph from qatsaph, “to break to pieces,” or “to break
forth into anger,” “to be angry,” occurs often in the sense of “wrath” or
“anger” (e.g. <040153>Numbers 1:53; <193801>Psalm 38:1, etc.), and in this passage has been rendered “twigs” or “chips,” “As for Samaria, her king is cut off, as foam (the Revised Version, margin “twigs”) upon the water” (<281007>Hosea 10:7). The other references are from the New Testament. In Jude, evil- doers or false teachers are compared to the “wild waves of the sea,
foaming out their own shame.” In Mark and Luke the references are to the boy with a dumb spirit who foamed at the mouth.
Alfred Ely Day FODDER
<fod’-er>.
See PROVENDER.
FOLD; FOLDING
<fold> <fold’-ing> (verb; [qb”j;, chabhaq], [Ëb”s;, sabhakh];
[eJli>ssw, helisso]): The verb occurs only 3 times in the King James
Version, and in each instance represents a different word; we have chabhaq
“to clasp” (<210405>Ecclesiastes 4:5), “The fool foldeth his hands together”
(compare <200610>Proverbs 6:10); cabhak, “to interweave” (<340110>Nahum 1:10,
“folded together as thorns,” the English Revised Version “like tangled thorns” the American Standard Revised Version “entangled like thorns”;
see ENTANGLED); helisso “to roll or fold up” (<580112>Hebrews 1:12, quoted from <19A226>Psalm 102:26 (Septuagint), the Revised Version (British and American) “As a mantle shalt thou roll them up”). Folding occurs as translation of galil, “turning” or “rolling” (<110634>
1 Kings 6:34 bis, folding leaves of door).
See also HOUSE.
W. L. Walker FOLK
<fok>: The translation of [µ[“, `am], [µ[;, `am] “a people or nation”
(<013315>
Genesis 33:15, “some of the folk that are with me”; <203026>
Proverbs 30:26, “The conies are but a feeble folk”); of [µaol], le’om], with the same meaning (<245158>Jeremiah 51:58, “the folk in the fire,” the Revised Version (British and American) “the nations for the fire”); “sick folk” is the
translation of [a]rjrJwstov, arrhostos], “not strong” (<410605>Mark 6:5); of [tw~n ajsqenou>ntwn, ton asthenounton], participle of [ajsqene>w, astheneo], “to be without strength,” “weak,” “sick” (<430503>
John 5:3, the Revised Version (British and American) “them that were sick”); “sick folks,” of [ajsqenei~v, astheneis] plural of [ajsqenh>v, asthenes], “without strength,” the Revised Version (British and American) “sick folk” (<440516>Acts 5:16).
W. L. Walker FOLLOW
<fol’-o> ([rj”a”, ‘achar], [td”r;, radhaph]; [ajkolouqe>w,
akoloutheo], [diw>kw, dioko]) : Frequently the translation of ‘achar,
“after,” e.g. <041424>Numbers 14:24, “hath followed me fully,” literally,
“fulfilled after me” (<043211>Numbers 32:11,12; <050136>Deuteronomy 1:36;
<300715>Amos 7:15); radhaph is “to pursue,” and is often so translated; it is
translated “follow” (<192306>Psalm 23:6; <230511>Isaiah 5:11, etc.); “follow after”
(<014404>Genesis 44:4; <021404>Exodus 14:4); reghel, “foot,” is several times
translated “follow” (literally, “at the foot of”; <021108>Exodus 11:8; <070805>Judges 8:5, etc.); halakh ‘achar, “to go after” (<050403>
Deuteronomy 4:3; 1Kings 14:8, etc.); yalakh ‘achar, “to go on after” (<012405>Genesis 24:5; <070219>Judges 2:19, etc.); dabheq, “to cause to cleave to” is “follow hard after” (<091422>1 Samuel 14:22; <196308>Psalm 63:8, etc.).
In the New Testament, in addition to akoloutheo (<400420>
Matthew 4:20,22,25, etc.) various words and phrases are rendered “follow,” e.g. Deute opiso mou, “Come after me” (<400419>Matthew 4:19, “Follow me,” the Revised Version (British and American) “Come ye after me”); dioko, “to pursue”
(<421723>Luke 17:23; <520515>1 Thessalonians 5:15, the Revised Version (British and
American) “follow after,” etc.); mimeomai, “to imitate” (<581307>Hebrews 13:7,
“whose faith follow,” the Revised Version (British and American) “imitate
their faith; 2 These 3:7,9; <640111>3 John 1:11); compounds of akoloutheo with ex, para sun, etc. (<610116>2 Peter 1:16; <411620>Mark 16:20; <441617>Acts 16:17;
<410537>Mark 5:37, etc.).
English Revised Version, “Follow after faithfulness” makes an important change in <193703>Psalm 37:3, where the King James Version has “and verily thou shalt be fed”; but the American Standard Revised Version has “feed on his faithfulness,” margin “feed securely or verily thou shalt be fed.” For
“attained” (<540406>1 Timothy 4:6) the Revised Version (British and American) gives “followed until now.”
W. L. Walker FOLLOWER
<fol’-o-er> ([mimhth>v, mimetes]): “Followers” is in the King James Version the translation of mimetes, “to imitate” (in the New Testament in the good sense of becoming imitators, or following an example), rendered by the Revised Version (British and American) “imitators” (<460416>1
Corinthians 4:16; 11:1; <490501>Ephesians 5:1; <520106>1 Thessalonians 1:6; 2:14;
<580612>Hebrews 6:12); summimetai, “joint imitators” (<500317>Philippians 3:17); in
<600313>1 Peter 3:13, the King James Version “followers of that which is good,”
the word, according to a better text, is zelotis, the Revised Version (British and American) “if ye be zealous of that which is good.”
FOLLY
<fol’-i>.
See FOOL.
FOOD
<food>:
In a previous article (see BREAD) it has been shown that in the Bible
“bread” usually stands for food in general and how this came to be so. In a complementary article on MEALS the methods of preparing and serving food will be dealt with. This article is devoted specifically to the foodstuffs of the Orient, more especially to articles of food in use among the Hebrews in Bible times. These are divisible into two main classes.