CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
B. The Concept of Perception
1. Perception
There are some definitions that are given by several experts as follows:
According to Robbin (1995) perception is the process taken by individuals to govern and to interpret perception of sensory to give significance in their environment. Perception can be defined as people recognition and interpretation of sensory information. Perception also includes how how people
respond the information. People can think of perception as a process where they take in sensory information from environment and use the information in order to interact with environment.perception allows people to take the sensory information in and make it into something meaningful.
According to Barry (1998) found that perception is the set of process by which we recognize, organize, and make stimulity in our environment the key distinction between the two main theories of perceptions the emphasize each gives to the role of sensation and higher cognitive process in perception.
Perception is defined variously by different scholars as Chee (2002) has stated, “The reception of stimuli that can be influenced by an individual‟s mental awareness, past experience, knowledge, motivation and social interactions. The perceptions of an individual eventually give rise to an individual‟s attitudes.” Millikan (2004) also states that: “Perception is a way of understanding natural signs or, better of translating natural signs into intentional signs.”
According to Leavitt (2002) found that the definition of perception in the narrow sense is right, how to see something. While generally perception is opinion, how to define something.
Lindsay and Norman (1997) states that perception as the process by which organism interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Sesation usually refers to the immediate, relatively unprocessed result of stimulation of sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, noses, tongue, or skin.
Ross & Calhoun (1995) said that in the science of psychology, there are terms of processing the information recieved from the observations, one of term is perception. Perception is a psychological function that starts from the sensation, continued multiple stimuli at once. Stimuli that have recieved and are grouped in such a way is then interpreted into an individual subjective meaning.
Santroct (2005) sensation happend before brain interprets the recieved information from the sensory organs. All creatures have sensory organs, for instance, human. They have eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue to recieve stimuli to feel the sensation. If one of the sensory organs has limited function or even worse, cannot work at all, the other sensory organs‟ ability will increase.
Slameto in (2003) found that perception is the process to input message or information to human brain by tha human perception that continuously make relation with the environment. This relation is doneby the five of senses thoseare senseof sight, sense of feeling, senseof smell, and sense of touch.
According to Wang Perception is a set of internal sensational cognitive process of the brain at the subconscious cognitive function layer that detects relates, interprets, and searches internal cognitive information in the main.
In the dictionary, following definitions of „perception‟ are found:
“Perception/ Perceptions. 1) Someone who has perception has the ability to realize or notice things that are not obvious to other people (…). 2) A perception is a belief or a opinion that you have as a result of realising or
noticing something, especially something which is perhaps not obvious to other people (…). 3) Perception is the awareness of things that you have by means of your senses, especially the sense of sight.” (Collins Cobuild, English Language Dictionary, 1987, p. 1064). Perception for Students are: 1) a judgment resulting from awareness or understanding. 2) the ability to understand (as meanings and ideas). 3) understanding or awareness gained through the use of the senses.
(Merriam webster Dictionary, 1928).
Jerri Anak Ahen (2009), mentioned that perception is a process where one will from an impression about someone or something. Perception is constructed as a result of individual observation towards certain things or events occur around them which will produce certainly perception. Perception involved more process of thinking as a result of the information received from the sensory systems regards certainly things or events. It output process where the judgements or beliefes were produced by an individual and it influenced the way they think and feel.
Rachmania Bachtiar Kassing (2011) in her thesis “Perceptions of Motivational Teaching Strategies in an EFL Classroom” said that “The findings showed that student-teachers in this study preferred foreign language learning experiences that are satisfying, pleasant, non face-threatening and rewarding for them and disliked those that brought them embarrassment or discomfort. Through lecturers‟ strategies such as giving encouragement and advice, showing approachable behaviors, showing appreciation/valuing student-teachers‟ effort and praising, it is possible to establish a positive
student-teachers‟ and lecturers‟ relationship that influence the student-teachers‟
sense of engagement in class, and their motivation to learn English. While opinions of the student-teachers about a number of general teaching strategies aligned with their EFL lecturers‟ opinions, they also shared different opinions about some other teaching strategies.”
Based on some definitions of perception above, perception is a process of interpretation of a present stimulus, where are people express their sense and their interpretation of the past experience. To know the success of teachers‟
teaching, we need to know the students‟ perception. And important to improving teaching, student learning, and student achievement is a firm understanding of students‟ beliefs and perceptions.