I SANDS
Plate 33 Plate 33
Table 9.--Major chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s ( i n percent) and pH of i a r t h e r n Marshall 1slar.A~; s o i g
Total
::::2g
Total N
NaCl i n t o t a l s o l u b l e salts Depth
( f e e t ) S o i l
a e r i e s ; o r wit
1
pH Organic
carbon P r o f i l e
A t o l l No. Ca
Layer No.
(sample n o . )
ME Na K P
-
112,Expressed a s t o t a l weight of s a l t s o b t a i n e d by l e a c h i n g w i t h w a t e r .
-
E m p i r i c a l evidence i n d i c a t e s t h a t when s o i l s of d i f f e r e n t pH a r e mixed t h e r e s u l t i n g pH i s c l o s e t o an a r i t h m e t i c a v e r a g e , even though t h i s might n o t h e expected from t h e e x p o t e n t i a l n a t u r e of pH numbers. I t i s f e l t , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e a v e r a g e s of t h e a v a i l a b l e pH d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w i t h i n l a y e r s and s e r i e s may have some s i g g j f i c a n c e .-
Only one a n a l y s i s .f f l ? r o f i l e 27 o m i t t e d from a v e r a g e s .
' / ~ m u s o r l a y e r i s r e g a r d e d a s l y i n g on t h e s o i l s u r f a c e and depth i s t a k e n from t h e top of t h e m i n e r a l s o i l . 6 / ~ o d u l e s from l a y e r 2 .
S o i l s e r i e s o r u n i t
Table 9.--Major chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s ( i n p e r c e n t ) and pH o f n o r t h e r n Marshall I s l a n d s s o i l s A t o l l
P r o f i l e No.
Layer No.
(sample n o . ) Depth ( f e e t )
Organic carbon
T o t a l
N Ca Mg Na a P
T o t a l
NaCl i n t o t a l s o l u b l e s a l t s PH
Table 10.--Occurrence of minor elements (in percent) in Jemo series soils Analyst: Harry J. Rose. 0 in unit column indicates element below
detection. All analyses were made on the ignited sample and corrected to the original sample weight.
Atoll Bikar
Jemo
Kwajalein
Averages for layers
Cu Mo Zn Mn Co Ni Fe Cr Sr Ba B
0.004 0 0 0.003 0 0.0002 0.03 0 0.03 0.0007 0.003 .0004 0 0 .003 0 0 .005 .00009 .3 .001 . O W .0002 0 0 .002 0 0 .002 .00008 .2 .0007 .002
. O W .0008 .03 .003 .0003 .0004 .06 .00004 .06 .OOl .002 .0004 0 0 .003 0 0 .003 .00008 .2 .0009 .OW .OOl 0 0 .004 0 0 .005 .00009 .3 .002 .005 .0003 0 0 .003 0 0 .002 .0001 .1 .0005 .003
.003 .0007 .01 .002 0 .0003 .03 .0001 .03 .OOG9 .002 .001 0 0 .003 0 0 .003 .OOOL .1 .001 ,003 .005 0 .03 .005 0 .0001 .07 .0002 .1 .002 .008 .003 0 0 .003 0 0 .007 .0001 .1 .0009 .009 .002 0 0 .003 0 0 .01 .0001 .3 .0009 .01
.002 .0003 .004 .002 .0002 .0002 .04 .0001 .02 .0008 .OW+
.003 0 .03 .006 0 0 .01 .0002 .l .002 .01
.oool 0 0 .oo5
o
0 .01 .0002 .2 .ooo9 .oo6.001 .0003 .007 .OOl .0001 .0002 .02 .0001 .02 .0003 . O W .002 0 0 .002 0 0 .007 .0002 .2 .0008 .009
.005 .001 .03 .005 .0003 .0007 .2 .0006 .05 .0008 .001
.002 0 0 .01 0 0 .02 .0005 .4 .002 .003
.0009 0 0 .005 0 0 .008 .0003 .2 .002 . O M
.0031 .0004 .016 .003 .0001 .0003 .067 .00016 .04 .0009 .007 .0015 0 .006 .OW+ 0 0 .008 .00019 .21 .0014 .006 .0008 0 0 .003 0 0 .005 .OOG9 .2 .0007 .005 Profile
No.
15 3
166
165
25
26
32
49
50
(Sample No.) 1 (12) 2 (13) 3 (14)
1 (15) 2 (16) 2 (17) 3 (18)
1 (19) 2 (20)
1 (1) 2 (2) 3 (3)
1 (4) 2 (5)
2 (6)
1 (7) 2 (8)
1 (11) 2 (10) 2 (9)
1 2 3
Table U . - - S p e c t r o g r a p h i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f minor elenients i n t h e Jemo s e r i e s s o i l s
....----.-
-
0 . 0 0 O X %
P
i ' i , C r , Da Cu, C r Cu, C r , Ba Mo, CO, N i , C r
Cu, C r , Ba C r
Cu, C r , I33 I>Io, N i , C r , Ba
C r
Zn, I.', T i
bin, V, Y ,
I:
i-
iin, V, T i
?jfn, T i
--
?,in, Ea, V, T i
l.in, V, T i Y, Ag '1, Ti.
I4n, V
-
Mn
-
Ffn, T i
-
L ~ n a l y s t s : Helen V!orthing and :Catherine V . Ilazel
3ilcar 3(169) S r , Fe, S i , 3, Cu, C r Do, Pin, T i ,
A]., Zn
--
VBikgr 2(173)
2(174) S r Fe, S i , A l , Cu, Ba, C r , ' J , T i
!3 Mn
Da, C r , Cu PIn, V A 1
8
0.OOX %
Mn, Fe, Bn, B
Mn, r e , Cu, Pin, Ga, B
Pin, Fe, B Cu, Mn, Fe, Da, B
Hn, Fe, B Cu, ?,in, R Cu, Mn, Fe Cu, C r , Ba, A 1
Cu, C r , Bu,
A I
-
Cu, C r , Ba,
n1
Cu, Fe, C r , Ba, A l , V , Y
Cu, C r C U , C r , Ba,
'\ 1
Mn, C r , Ba, V, T i
Zn, Nn, C r ,
Ba -p-~ ~~
Cu, C r , Ca, B, A 1 Zn, Cu, Ba,
-
0.OX %
---
s e , S r Zn, Fe, S rZn, Fe, S r Ba, B Pc, S r , I:,
0 -..
J 1
Fe, S r , 3,
---
A t o l l Bikar
Biknr
Biknr BLkar B i k a r
-
ILayer
P r o f i l e 0 . X %
No. (Sample
No.) ,
Bikar I 15 8 15 3
166
16 5 16 3 157 Bikar
Uilcar
Z(153)
--
I s i
F c , D, S i
- 7 -
2 ( 1 3 ) 3(14.) l ( 1 5 ) 2 ( 1 6 ) 2 ( 1 7 ) 3(18) 1 ( 1 9 ) 2 ( 2 0 ) 2(161) 2(163) 164
1.56 S r
S r S r S r , Fe S r S r
S r , S i , Fe, A l , Cu, Bn,
B, Zn CT, V
Fe S r
P , S r S r
S r S r , P S r
2 ( 1 6 5 7 - E 2 / 1 7 7 )
3(180) 3(181)
B, S i
F e , B, S i , A 1
370, B, S i Cu, Zn, B, Si., A 1 Cu, Pe, D, S i , L l Zn, Fc, S i
C r , T i , J 6 ( 1 8 3 )
6(184) 2(229)
t - 1 5 6 - -
6(227)- -
I
-
BilcarS r 177
S i , A l , D,
.-
BikarTable 11.--Spectrographic detenninationoofninor elements in the Jemo series soils--Continued
0.01: %
PC, Sr, B, si, A1 Zn, Fe, Ba, B
0.OX %
Sr Sr Atoll
. Jemo Jemo
Cr, Ba Mo, CO, Xi, Cr, Ba
~~ Cr ~ Cr, Ba Zn
:"in, !Pi
%in
-
3 0.OOX %
Cu, Cr, Ga Cu, Mn Cu, ?,In, Pe, B
Profile
. No.
23 25
3(3) Sr
Jem0 .- re, Sr Cu, Zn, Mn,
B
Zn, Pe, B ~ ~~ Cu, Iqn, Ba ~
Ni, l?e, Sr, Cu, Cr, D,
-
Pin, Ba, Ti S i. Al, VFe, B, Si Cu, Cr, Ba, !.in, V , Ti A 1
Si, B, Pe C1, Bn, Cr, Mn Cu, Ti, V
Nn, P Fe, Sr Cu, Zn, Nn, !:lo, Go, iii,
B Cr, Bo
2(3) Mg, Na 17, Cu, Mn, Pe, Cr, Ga B
l(11) :'I&, Na, I<, 2n, Sr Cu, No, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr,
i3e B Ba
2(10) Na, Sr Mg, R, Zn, Cu, Ba, R Cr Pin, Pa
Mn, Fe, Da, Cu, Cr 0.OOOX %
::in, V , Ti Ni, Cr Cr, Ba Layer
No.
(Sample No.) 2(203) l(1) 2!2)
Jemo Ujae 'Jjec Ujac
Ujae
--
Fe, G, Si, Cu, ?;In, Cr,32 110 73 7 4
79
2<6) Z(191.) 2(211) Z(213j
2(217)
Mg, Na Sr Sr Sr Sr, Si
Sr
R, Pe Fe, Si, A1
--
be, Si, A 1 Pe, A1Fe, 6, Si, A 1
Cu, bin, B Cu, Cr, Ba, G, V, Ti Cu, Cr, Ga, B, V, Y Cu, Zn, Cr, Ba, i3, '1, T j.
Cu, Cr, Ba, V, Ti
'Table 12.--Ranges i n amounts of minor slemen& .:;I ..amples of s o i l m a t e r i a l 3 from t h e Jemo s o i l s e r i < . . s on !;ilc??r, Jeruo, Uiae, Kr,lajalein and iJotho i l t o l l s .
For e l e m e n t s above double l i n e , d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made on 45 samples; f o r t h o s e below Zincs, on 25 samples.
- -
F r e q u e n t l y
Element Range (number of times T o t a l
( p e r c e n t ) found)
--
Boron O.OX, 0.OOX 23, 22 45
Barium .OX, .OOX, .OOOX 1, 28, 15 44
C o b a l t
.
OOOX 4 4Chromium .OOX, .OOOX 17, 28 45
Copper .OX, .OOX, .OOOX 2 , 5, '38. 11.5
I r o n .X, .OX, .OOX 2, 33, 10 45
Manganese .OX, .OOX, .OOOX 1 , 23, 20 44
Molybdenur~l .OOX, .OOOX 1, 4 5
Nickel .OX, .OOOX 1, 27 : 2 5
S t r o n t i u m .X, .OX 32, 13 ; 4.5
Zinc --
----
- .&xL..92:-2 --
OOOX *----- 10, 5 , 1 16-
Aluminum .OX, .OOX 13, 9 22
S i l i c o n .X, .OX 1, 24 25
S i l v e r
.
003X 1 1Titanium .OOX, .OOOX 5 , 1 6 ' 2 1
V~nadium .oOX, .OoO:C 10, 14 24
Yttrium .OOX, .OOOX 2, 3 5
Table 13.--Organic c a r b o n ( p e r c e n t ) and pH of c e r t a i n h i g h l y o r g a n i c soils -.
--
---.-- S i t u a t i o n
-.--..-- No.)
--
'Jtir5.k 6 1 (256)
2 (257) A i l u k A21 ' i (263)
2 (264) 3.37
' J i a e 8 1 1 (8L:)
i n coconut grove where t r a s h h a s d e c ~ m p c s e d ;or 82 1 (8s)
coconut grove.
132 1 (96)
Ochrosia f o r e s t .
----
Lee A7 Taro p i t .
2 !
,:;
:; j 7.82A10 1 (7::)
--,..-
1 /
Table 14.--Major chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s (o.vera,qe p e r c e n t a g e s ) and pH.- of samples from Arno A t o l l , Shioya, and Jemo s e r i e s s o i l s c o l l e c t e d from a t o l l s i n t h e n o r t h e r n M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s
- 8
S o i l s pH 0re;anic Calcium Magnesium V h o s p h o r u s ~ ' Sodium P o t a s s i u m S o l u b l e c a r b o n
( p e r c e n t ) ( p e r c e n t
---
( p e r c e n t ) ( p e r c e n t ) ( p e r c e n t ) ( p e r c e n t ) ( p e r c e n t ) UNALTERED SAEDS( p a r e n t m a t e r i a l ) 9.39
. . .
36.61.a
0.03 C.30 0.03 0.15SHIOYA SERIES
Layer 1 8.48 2.4 35.5 1.09 .15 .25
.
C4 .17Layer 2 9.02 ?'1.2 3 7 . 1 1.60 .03 .26 .04 .27
Layer 3 . ,- 2'9.67
...
36.5 2.20 .03 .30 .03 . I 6ARNO ATOLL SERIES?)
Layer 1 7.88 4 . 0 4 34.2 1.02 .53 - 2 5 .03 -47
Layer 2 8.62 2'3.2 36.4 1.75 .30 -27 .03 .81
Layer 3 9.17 1.5 36.3 2.0C .15 .28 .03 .36
w e r 4 9.01 1.1 36.8
--
2.0'3 .a4 .23 .03 .63JET40 SERIES
Layer 1 4.55 29.6 G.3 .25 3 . 2 .49 .13 1.44
Layer 2 7.57 5 . 0 33.9 .71 7.4 .35 .07
Layer 3 8.30 2'2.9 35.2 1.66 .8 .42 .05
-
3 / " " 1.40:'See e x p l n n a t i o n i n f o o t n o t e 2 on t a b l e 9 .
?'Averages of r a p i d chemical nethod d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o n l y .
;?'single d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
5 l ~ r o f i l e 27 o m i t t e d from a v e r a g e s .
SUIeii4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This i n v e s t i g a t i o n has sho5m t h a t t h e i s l e t s on t h e a t o l l r e e f s of t i e northern Marshall I s l a n d s a r e mainly accumulations of calcareous d e b r i s , g e n e r a l l y forlned around erosioli remnants of former s l i g h t l y
higher reef platforms, more r a r e l y without such s t a b i l i z i n g cores. Their surface f e a t u r e s conform s u f f i c i e n t l . ~ t o a. few p a t t e r n s t h a t t h e i r
d e s c r i p t i o n s may be generalized and consistelit terms applied t o t h e i r common f e a t u r e s . O n t h e b a s i s of t h e i r o r i g i n and posi-tion t h r e e types of i s l e t s a r e recognized--outer reef i s l e - t s of d e t r i t u s a c c m u l a t e d 'romd a s o l i d erosion remnant of a higher platform; o u t e r reef i s l e t s composed of d e t r i t a l accunulations without such a core, and i s l e t s b u i l t of d e t r i t u s within lagoons.
The calcareous m a t e r i a l s a r e e i t h e r f r e s h l y derived o r reworked slreletons o r fro.gments of slteletons of n a r i n e p l a n t c and dnimals, o r fragnents of consolidated masses of such skeletons, and a r e mineralogi- c a l l y mixtures of c a l c i t e and a r a g o n i t e . Nost of t h e c a l c i t e i s a more o r l e s s m a g n e s i a c a l c i t e . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , both physical and chemical, of tile sediments a r e determined i n l a r g e measure by t h e
orgru~isms of which they a r e p r i n c i p a l l y composed. These c h a . r a c t e r i s t i c s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e p h y s i c a l ones, zse modified both by t h e mjnount of
weatiiering and abrasion -they have been subjected t o and by t h e i r g o s i - t i o n on t h e i s l e t , e i t h e r a s c o n s t a n t l y moving beach m a t e r i a l s o r a s r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e d e p o s i t s within t h e i s l e t s .
The i n t e r i o r d e p o s i t s , considered as s o i l s , a r e rnostly r e f e r a b l e t o t h r e e previously recognized s o i l s e r i e s , of which t h e Shioya and Arno A t o l l s e r i e s a r e almost e n t i r e l y calcareous, d i f f e r i n g p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e as~ount of' orgamic inat.ter i n t h e i r upper l a y e r s o r A horizons. The Jemo s e r i e s i s highly phospl~atic, v i t h a raw hmius A. horizon and a con- s o l i d a t e d B horizon of phosphate rock. C'nemically t h e Shioya s o i l s a r e d e f i c i e n t i n almost every p l a n t n u t r i e n t element except calcium. The Arno A t o l l s e r i e s i s more s u i t c b l e f o r p l a n t grorith but i s d e f i c i e n t i n most elements. The Jeino s o i l has an abundance of phospliorus and has, i n
i t s A, horizon, more of most o-ther e s s e n t i a l elemellts than i s general i n a t o l l s o i l s , tbougli t h e q u a n t i t i e s a r e even so e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y small.
The d i s t r i b u t i o n of various elements through t h e p r o f i l e s shows c e r t a i n systema,tic t r e n d s . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s e i s d i f f i c u l t a t present and i n most r e s p e c t s rnust arrait f u r t h e r data.. Deficiencies of most n u t r i e n t c a t i o n s , including some of t h e e s s e n t i a l t r a c e elements, a r e evident i n a l l t h e s o i l s studied. The a b i l i t y of c e r t e i n species of p l a n t s t o grow i n s p i t e of t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s , and t h e complete f a i . l u r e of o t h e r s , 9s no'cevorthy. The process of phosphatization and hardpan formation i11 t h e Jenio s e r i e s i s f a i r l y w e l l understooZ., being dependent 011 t h e coincid.ence of guano from s e a b i r d s and a c i d humus from P i s o n i a t r e e s . The chemistry and ecology of -the formation of t h e Arne A t o l l s e r i e s i s not x'fell under- stood.
Further research should perhaps t a k e t h e form of d e t a i l e d napping of t h e occurrence of t h e s e v e r a l s o i l t y p e s on s e l e c t e d i s l e t s i n a t o l l s
%:ith d i f f e r e n t climates and where a s much a s p o s s i b l e of t h e o r i g i n a l
v e g e t a t i o n remains. C o r r e l a t i o n rrith vegetation p a t t e r n s should be attempted. Further and more d e t a i l e d chemical s t u d i e s might pror'it,?blr be made on s e l e c t e d 2 r o f i l e s i n -the s e v e r a l s e r i e s . An ottempt shou.'.?
be made t o f i n d t h e o r i g i n o r t h ? i a d i c a t e d -tri;nds ir, occuirel;se bf rninor elements a.nd t o detei-mine t h e f e r t i l i t y relatj.on8 of t'ne s o i l s t?
s x h s t r a t a f o r p l a n t groruth. A t t e r t i o r l should a l s o $be p z i 4 C,3 t h e -veatherine, processes going on i n t'flese sedj.mer,t,c. un&er & i f f ercn-i
c l i m a t i c conditions. The r o l e of microscopic blue-green algae both
. . -
r.rentherine; snd nitrogen f i x a t i o n sliould be dcterained, 2 s :::ell 2.3 .;i!(. ;r c o n t r i b u t i o a t o t'ne a c c ~ m u l a t i o n of organic matter. . F i ~ > ~ . l l y , ae
i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o determine r e l a t i v e rmd cbsolute ages of l a y e r s i n t?.:
;sct,ions krould be of g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n r e l a t i o n t o s o i l formation.
c l i m a t i c h i s t o r y and s e a - l e v e l c h a ~ y e s .
Blumenstoclr, D. I . , ed., 1961. A r e p o r t on typhcon e f f e c t s upon J a l u i t U-toll. A t o l l Research B u l l .
75:
1-10?.Catala, R . L. A . ,
1957.
Report on t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s : some a s p e c t s of humnn ecology. A t o l l Research B u l l .59:
1-187.Chave, K. E . , 1952. A s o l i d s o l u t i o n be'hreen c a l c i t e and dolomite.
J o u r . Geology 60: 190-192.
---
1954a. Aspects of t h e biogeochemistry of r~m@esium, I. Calcareous marine organisals. J o u r . Geology 62: 266-283.- - . - - - - - , 1954b.
Aspects of t h e biogeocheuistry of magnesium:11. Calcareous sediments and roclrs. Jour. Geology 62:
587-599.
Christophersen, E., 1927. Vegetation of t h e P a c i f i c E q u a t o r i a l I s l a n d s . B. P. Bishop i"1us. Bull. 44: 1-79.
Clar!ce, F'. IT., and Wheeler, W. C.,
1917.
The inorganic c o n s t i t u e n t s of rnarine i n v e r t e b r a t e s . U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 102:1-56.
Cloud, P. E . , Jr., 1952. Preliminary r e p o r t on geo'ogy and marine environments on Onotoa A t o l l , G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . A t o l l Research B u l l . 12:
1-73.
Cushman, J . A . , Todd, Ruth, m d Post, R. J., 1.954. B i k i n i and nearby a t o l l s , P a r t 2, ' Oceanography ( b i o l o g i c ) . Iiecent Foraminifera of t'ne Marshall I s l a n d s . U.S. Geol. Survey PTof. %per 260-3:
319-384.
David, T . W. E . , and Sricet, G., 1904. The g e o l o ~ j of Funafuti,
&
W. J. S o i l a s az~d o t h e r s , Tile A t o l l of F'mafuti, p. 61-124. Royal Soc. London, Rept. Coral Reef Comn. of t h e Royal Soc., London.
Emery, Ii. O . , 1956. Marine geology of ,Tohnston I s l a n d ~ n d i t s surround- i n g s h a l l o v s , Central P a c i f i c Ocean. Geol. Soc. America Bull.
67: 1905-1520.
Exiery, K. O., Tracey, J . I., Jr., and Ladd,
B.
S.,1954.
Geology of B i k i n i and nearby a t o l l s . U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-A:1-26?,
F a i r b - i d ~ e , R . W., 1950. T'ne ,qeology 2nd g e o r ; l o r p l ~ o l o ~ of Point Peron, Western A u s t r a l i a . Royal Soc. Western A u s t r a l i a J o u r .
34:
35-72.
---
1952. Marine erosion. P a c i f i c S c i . Cone., 7th, Proc.3:
347-358.
Folk, R . L., and Ward, W. C . , 1957. Brazos River bar: A study i n t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of g r a i n s i z e parameters. Jour. Sed. Petrology 27:
3-26.
Fosberg, F. R.,
1949.
A t o l l vegetation and s a l i n i t y : P a c i f i c Science 3: 89-92.--- 1953.
Vegetation of C e n t r a l P a c i f i c a t o l l s , a b r i e f sum- mary. A t o l l Zesearch Bull. 23: 1-26.--- , 1954.
S o i l s of t h e northern Marshall a t o l l s with special.reference t o t h e Jemo s e r i e s . S o i l S c i .
78:
99-107.- - - m e - - -
,
1955. Northern Marshall I s l a n d s Expedition, 1951-1952.Narrative. A t o l l Research Bull.
38: 1-36.
--- ,
1957a. Some geological processes a t %70rk on c o r a l a t o l l s . Xe%r York Acad. S c i . Trans. 11, 19: 411-422.---
1957b. The Maldive I s l a n d s , Indian Ocean. A t o l l Research B u l l .58: 1-37.
Fosberz, F. R . , Amow, T., and MacNeil, F. S . ,
1956.
IvIilitary geography of -the Dlorthern Marsha.11~. I n t e l l i g e n c e Div. Office of t h eEngineer, Headquarters, U . S . Ariny Forces Far East and 8 t h U.S.
Amy, 320 P*
FosSerg, P. R., a d Sachet, 14.-?I.,
195.3.
Handbook f o r a t o l l research (second preliminary e d i t i o n ) . A t o l l Research Bull.17:
1-129.Goldsmith, 3 . R . , Graf, D. L., and Joensuu, 0. I., 1955. The occurrence of magnesium c a l c i t e s i n nature. Geochim. e t Cosmochim. Acta, 7:
212-230.
Guilcher, A., Berthois, L., Le Calvez, Y., B i t t i s t i n i , R . , and Crosnier, . . A,., 1965. Les r & c i f s c o r a l l i e n s e t l e lagon de 1 ' I l e Mayotte
(Archipel des ~ o m o r e s , ' , b c b n h d i e n )
.
MEmoires ORSTOM 11: 1-210.Hat!le~ra.y, W . IT.,
1953.
The land vegetation of Arno A t o l l , Marshall I s l a n d s . A t o l l Research B u l l .16: 1-68.
---
1957. A g r i c u l t u r a l notes on t h e Southern iqarshnll I s l a n d s , 1952. A t o l l Research Bull.55: 1-9.
~ o s k i n , C . M., 1963. Recent c j r b o n a t e sedinien.to;tion on Alacran Reef, Yucatan, Xexico. Na;t. Acad. Sci. --?Tat. Res. ' Council Pub. 1089:
1-160.
Jeimy, TI.,
1941.
Factors of s o i l formation. New York, McGrar?-Rill Boolt Co., 281 3 .Johnson, J . Xarlan,
1954.
An i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e s t u b of rock b u i l d i n g a l g a e a r d a l g a l 1.imestones. Colorado School Mines Quart.49
( 2 ) :1-117.
Krumbein, W. C . , and G a r r e l l s , R. M., 1952. Origin and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of chemical sediments i n t e r n s of pH and oxidation-reduction p o t e n t i a l s . Jour. Geology 60:
1-33.
ICrumbein, \T. C . , and Tisdel, F. W., 1940. Size d i s t r i b u t i o n of source rocks of sediments. Am. Jour. Sci. 238: 296-305.
Kuenw, Ph. H., 1933. Geology of c o r a l r e e f s . S n e l l i u s Exped. 5 ( 2 ) : 1.-125.
---..--"--- ,
1350. Marice geology. Nev York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,568
p.Lc,dd, H. S., 1953. D r i l l i n g on B i k i n i Atoll, Marshall Islands. I n t e r n a t . Geol. Cong., 18th, London, 1948, Rept., p t .
8:
38-43.Ladd, !I. S., Ingerson, E . , To~.msend, R. C . , Russell, M., and Stepherson, H . Kirk,
1953.
D r i l l i n g on Eniwetok Atoll, 14arshall Islands. Am.Assoc. Petroleum Geologists B u l l . 37: 2257-2280.
Ladd, H. S., and Schlanger, S. O., 1960. D r i l l i n g operations on Eiiwetok Atoll. U.S. Gi'ol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-Y: 863-903.
I,add, H . S., Tracey, J. I., Jr., Wells, J. W., and Emery, K. O., 1950.
Organic growth and sedimentation on an a t o l l . Jour. Geology
58:
410-425.
Lernoine, Phe. Paul,
1911.
S t r u c t u r e anatonique des MElob6si6es. Annales I n s t . Oce'anographique, P a r i s 2 ( 2 ) : 1-213.Lipman, C. B., and Shelley, P. E . , 1924. Studies on t h e o r i g i n of t h e s o i l of nose I s l e t . Carnegie I n s t . Washin&,on Pub., 340:
203
-
208.McKee, E. D . , 1956, Geology of ICapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands.
A t o l l Research Bull. 50: 1-38.
---
1958. Geology of Kapingmarangi Atoll, Caroline I s l a n d s . Geol. Soc. America. Bull. 69: 241-278.---
1959. S t o m sediments on a P a c i f i c a t o l l . Jour. Sed.P e t r o l . 29: 354-364.
McKee, E. D., Chronic, John, and Leopold, E. B., 1959. Sedimentary b e l t s i n lagoon of ICapingm~rangi A t o l l . Alil. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 43: 501-562.
Mest&roff, !ST. D., 1956. Erosion e t cimentation des c a l c a i r e s d a n s l e s eaux t r o p i c a l e s fibsJ. I n t e r n a t . Geol. Cong., 20th, Mexico City 1956, Resumenes de 10s Trabajos Presentados, p. 267.
Newell, N. D., 1954a. Expedition t o Rmoia, Tumotus. A t o l l Research B u l l . 31: 1-21.
Newell, N. D., 1954b. Reefs and sedimentary processes of Raroia. A t o l l Research Bull. 36: 1-35.
--- 1956.
Geological reconnaissance of Raroiaon
~ i l r i ) A t o l l , Tumotu Archipelago. A];]. Ivius. Nnt. History B u l l . 109: 311-372.--"---
1960. Marine planation of t r o p i c a l limestone i s l a n d s . Science 132(3420) :144-145.
Niering, W. A
.,
1956. Bioecology of Kapingamarangi A t o l l , Caroline Islands: T e r r e s t r i a l a s p e c t s . A t o l l Research B u l l .49:
1-32.---
1963. T e r r e s t r i a l ecology of Kapingmarangi A t o l l , Caroline I s l a n d s . Ecol. I'ion.33:
131-160.Nugent, L. E . , Jr., 1946. Coral r e e f s i n t h e G i l b e r t , Marshall, and Caroline I s l a n d s . Geol. Soc. America Bull. 57: 735-780.
Odurn, EI. T., ald Odm, E . P.,
1955.
Trophic s t m c t u r e and p r o d u c t i v i t y of a windward c o r d reef coimunity on Eni'wetols A t o l l . Ecol.Mon. 25: 291-319.
Raleigh, Lord, 1942. The ultimate shape of pebbles, n a t u r a l and a r t i f i c i a l . Royal Soc. London Proc., s e r . A ,
181:
107-11.8.Russell, R. S., 1962. Origin of bench rock. Z e i t s c h r . f . Geomorphol.
3: 227-236.
--- ,
1963. Beach rock. Jour. Trop. Geogr.17:
24-27.Sachet, M.-II., 1955. Puinice and o t h e r extraneous volcanic m a t e r i a l s on c o r a l a t o l l s . A t o l l Research B u l l .
37:
1-27.Sargent, M. C . , and Austin, T . S . , 1949. Organic procluctivity of an a t o l l . Am. Geophys. Union 'Trans. 30: 24-5-249.
Schlanger, S. O., cad Brookhart, J. W . ,
1955.
Geology and water resources of Falalop Island, U l i t h i Ato1.l. Am. Jour. S c i . 253:553-573.
Shapiro, Leonard, and Brannoclr, W. W . , 1962. Rapid analysis of s i l i c a t e rocks. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1144-A:
56 p.S o l l a s , W. J., and o t h e r s , 1904. The A t o l l of Funafuti. Royal Soc.
London, Rept. of t h e Coral Reef Corn., London, 428 p.
Stensland, C . H . , and o t h e r s ,
1949.
S o i l s of Okinaxia: Map 1: 50,000, sheet7
of 11, 64th Engineer B a t t a l i o n , base topographic, U.S.Amy, Corps of Engineers, Far Eastern Command.
Ste-renson, I. L . ,
1953.
Microbiological examination of s o i l s of Arno A t o l l . S o i l S c i .75:
225-231.S t o d d a r t , D. R., 1950. Tile r e e f o and sand cays of B r i t i s h Honduras:
i n , The C a m b r i d g e E x p e d i t i o n t o C r i t i s h I-londuras 1959-60, General Report, p . 16-33.
---,
19620. P h y s i o e r a p h i c s t u d i e s on t h e B r i t i s h ttotlduras r e e f s end ceys. Geogr. J o u r . 120: 161-171.--- ,
1962b. Three Cnribbean a t o l l s . A t o l l Research B u l l . 37:2-151.
---,
1963, E f f e c t c o f tl~llrrricane l l a t t i e on t h e D r i t i s h :Ionduras r e e f s and c a y s , October 30-31, 1961.. A t o l l Research kll. 35:1- 142.
---
1964. Storm c o n d i t i o n r . and v e g e t a t i o n i n e q u i l i b r i u n of r e e f i s l a n d s . IXth Conf. on C o a s t c l Enp,ineering p a p e r 5 . 7 : 1-4.S t o d d a r t , D . R., and Cann, J. R . , 19G5. Nature and o r i ~ i n of beach r o c k . J o u r . Sed. Petrology 35: 243-247.
Stone, E. L., S r . , 1 9 5 l a . The s o i l s of Parno A t o l l , M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s . A t o l l Research Dull. 5: 1-56.
- - - * - -
,
5 The a ~ r i c u l t u r c of b'rno i i t o l l , Plarahall I n l a n d s . A t o l l Research 3 u l l . 6: 1-46.--- ,
1,953. Sunu~nry of i n f o r r s a t i o n o f a t o l l s o i l s . A t o l l Rescnrch E u l l . 2%: 1-6.T e r c i n i e r , G . : 1955. Itappor; d ' u n e m i s s i o n au,: Etablissefilents f r r n g a i s d e l ' o c e a n i e . B a o c i c u l e I . Etude den s o l s - - 1 e u r s p r o p r i 6 t C s e t v o c a t i o n s . I n s t . f r n n q a i s d ' o c b a n i e , Nourii6a, 1-129.
Thorp, E , :I., 1936. The sediments of tbc: P e ~ r l and I-lermer; Reef. J o u r . Sed. P e t r o l o g y 6: 109-11;.
Tracey, J. I . , Jr., 'bbott, D . P . , and ~?.rnon, T., 1961. N a t u r n l h i s t o r y of Ifalu!c A t o l l : P h y s i c a l environment. D. P. Bishop 1"Iuus. 3~11.
222: 1-75.
Tracey, J. I., J r . , Ladd, 11, S . , and : ? o f f n e i s t e r , J. E., 1943. R e e f s of B i k i n i , b l e r s h a l l I s l a n d s . Geol. Soc. i , n c r i c a i j u l l . 59: 361-C70.
Traok, P . D . , 1932. O r i g i n and environment of s o u r c e sediments of petroleum. ill:.. Petroleum I n s t . , Eouston, Te::.
,
Gulf P u b l i s h i n g Co., 323 p .Vaughan, T . I,!., 1917, Chemical and orgnnFc d e p o s i t s of t h e s e a . Geol.
Soc. A m r i c a G u l l . ZG: 933-944.
LJentworth, C.
:<. ,
1922. A s c a l e of z r a d e 2nd c l a s s terms f o r c l a s t i c s e d i n e n c s . J o u r . Geology 37: 507-522.Wentworth, C. K., 19;l. The mechanical c o n p o s i t i o ~ l of sediments i n g r a p h i c 2orr.1. Univ. Iowa S t u d i e s i n N a t u r a l l!istory 14 ( 3 ) : 1-127.
Iikntruorth, C . K., and Lzdd, E. S . , 1931. P c c i f i c I s l a n d n e d i ~ ~ l e n t s . Univ. Iowa S t u d i e s i n Natu-ral i!i-tory 13 <2): 1 4 7 .
?!harton, Il. J. L . , 1633. Mangrove as 2 d e s t r u c t i v e op,ent. Nature 29:
7 6 - 7 7 .
Taongi (Fo!c..:k) .' t o l l ( i f . 5)
.;OULII of p ; ~ 3 ~ g . 2 , on I
. . p x ~
T-1. Scnc! frow sr.l..l! p i t i n r e e f 25. f--;-
6 . . P i t ..:;out 3 incl-ten deep, o.-nd on l;ott,oo ..bout
:.
i i ~ c l - 2 s deep.T-lr, Eeacl' s:.nc? fr31,l ..;)out mezn t % d s l e v e l on t1.e 1:goon s i d ? nc,:.?:
r:-c m i d d l e o f 3iLyll:. i s l e s .
T - S . :'e:;c:: scild Eron t h e r!in<!i7:rd s i d e :ni! 53ui:l. of the ri~ii!:ile of
,..-
1 1 c . S . ~ m p l e rr:in i;:.::cn i l c l l ..t:.ove big?--tide l e v e l . T-5. Rezcl, $.nd f r o n :k.ove iiigk-::.ir?c l e v c l ou i:?..e ~ ~ i n d ~ ? - . : r d ;;.;.:lc cn.1
nilrti: cncl c f Si.1-yll; i s l e t .
T-7. 3e;ck. s,:!,nd from t l ~ e ~ I S S eisd :if i:: e p c . 5 ~ 2 : t k f n o r t h en6 of Sily1.1 . i s l e t : .
- 9 . Gencl- n, .nc! :roc? t! L :..goon s i d e ::;nfi nort: ,2113 cE 2.7.7,ii.je ( 2 i e . j .)
T , '
i s i c t .
I . GE-:~:) ~ 2 n d frura't!?f r!ind\u?.rrl i d e ~ n d -out!! end of iZ.~m.>or~c;
i s l i t . Sar>~?le from :Love !-if -ti<j.e i e v s l .
T-11. Deacl~ s:lr~d. frora ll..igooa si.d2 i l d o o u t i end o f i:.?.fi~~~ome i s l e i : . T - 1 2 . CeccT. sand from t t c '-cc!d of .; .;m;ill reentr:nt on ill;;^: 1;gonn s i 3 s
of :<smrroc~e i. s l e t
.
T - 1 3 . ie?.cli s-:nd i:t t!,e rao:~tl- of rl.2 nsri:?. o i d e of ... s m i l l reen(Ir.xtC 9n t h e 1 g o s n s i d ? of I.<.rr,~w,nle i o l e i - . Thin reentr.:ni: i s t5.e 3 -me ..s tt:.t of T - 1 2 .
- 1 Geac:! s.:nd from i:1,c 1 :.goon s i d c !nd nori:!; end of : < ~ S , I V ~ O ~ . I ~ i g l c t T-15. i3e:?ch sand from c:.e ~7indtlard :;ii!.e :.nd nortl- ead of 1<.-.1'il~~one
isiff!.
T-16. Ceacl. s - n d frorn t h e r~ind.?rs.rd s i d e of Nortl- islet:..
T-17. Tie.?cC. x.nd from Y i e l:.eoon s i d e of Ilort!:? i s l e t .
T - 13. Ze:.c!: n::;nd f s ~ m ti-ic ?~i.ndrr..rd ; i 6 e :.nd n e s r t l , e middle of i<?w7oc1*
i s l e c .
" H . Beach s.:nd fi.or.~ th e se;ti::rd 2 i d e on s o u t ' end of SiLyl!. i s l e t . 2 . "ucnc!. j:.n< from ti16 isgoon si:!:, ..:.nd zouel: end of . n unn..r:~ad
isl:.nd. narc:.; of P o l ~ ~ ! c i s l e t .
T-23. Srni.7. frci-? t i - c middle of .". nh::.nncl F-:.lf~c.y bet:reen ..n unii;.cied is1 ..nd .:n:l To!c;:!c i s l e t
.
T-,2lb. Dcac!-: son3 frolii ti:c l...pon z i d e . a d n e s r %be n o r t h 2nd of Fo!cr:k islei:.
-
1 - 2 5 . Ceoci- scud f r o n t h e se:i~:!r!l s i d e ;>nd ner!r t k e sout?.; end 3f0 i.s:ct.
T-25. Ecacl: sari:! fror~l el e se::.i7..rd s i d e 2nd nc:m t h e middle of T1ol:,?L:
i s l e t .
T-21. P i n e s:.od f r o n it:-& l:?.goon :Lout 10C f e e t ~ f f ~ h c r e of Po!:zl:
i s l e t .
1'-2'3. Sand lr2rfi I p i . t i n 2 s m , . l l i:.go3n:.l r e e f on tl-2 :~indwsril s i d e of :.roll. TrLongul..tion S:::.i:ion ITo. 5 i s loc.:.tcd on h i : : r c e f T I - i s sample ~ 7 3 5 1: :Iten l y one .>f 2'; e bo;ei?on.
T-23
.
Ee.?.c:- s;.ud from t h e se~.:lnr.' s i d e :~nd northezs!: end of Eiro!c~71?.i s l e t .
T-30. Geac11 3?n6 from t ? e SC;:!I,?.~I! s i d e ;n11 soutlx7est end of Crrolcnl,:
i s l e t .
1 . Sand f r o r , ~ - i g i C i n .! srx.11 r e e f o:? t!:s l e e ~ ~ c r r l n i d e a d souti-.
cn:l 3 E ~ t 0 1 1 . T h i ~ s :1:1p!e s ~ ~ e l i e ~ l of ydrogen i u l f i c l c . T r i -
~ n ~ u l . t i o n Tici;tion No. 12 i s l s c ? t e d on tlbic. r e e f .
- 2 . Eeac!? s..nd f r c a t h e windnzrd siclc ::nd n e - r the n ~ i d d l e 3f Sii-y11:. i s l e i : .
T-13. Si;n?. from .: srn:?l p i t i n .:. ! .zooncl r e e f on e:?e ~3in:lworcl - i d ? ..:nd n o r t h end of :.:oil. T r i : . n ~ u l : t i 3 n S t n t i o n K O . 2 i s lot-teS on f::-i!j r e e f .
T-;L:.. Sand fro13 .:. sm-11 p i t i n : l:.gocn r e e f on ti-:e edee of r l ~ e :rind-
r:.,
....
rd r e e f i n tI-:e nortl-ern p ~ r i : of - t o l l . T r i . ~ n g u i , - . t i o n 3 t : t i o n>,
110. 7 i s locr.ted on t l ? i s r e e f .
Dilcar A t o l l ( f i g . 6 )
1 Sand t;?r c C Survey S t - , t i o n Xo. I:., nort?c.?.st p i r t of 1::fioon.
3 : Snnd 2.t n o r t h end, c a s e sj.de of Ziil:.r i s l e t . 3 - Sand .,t middle of e . . s t s i d e of Gikzr i s l e t .
"u-5 Snnd :!: sout:: end, e s s t s i d e of Cik;:.r i s l e t . B - 6 Sond :c s o u t h end, s e a t s i d e of Di!:ar i s l e t . 3 - 7 Sand . 2 t middle 3f west s i d e of 3 l k a r i s l e t . 3 - 3 Sand a t norti? end, v e s t s i d e , X ! c x i s l e t .
- 3 Sznd from Ieermrd r e e f on nort: s i d e of p a s s a z e i n t o l..;goon.
3-10 Snnd b . r .on norti-!crest c o r n e r of r t o l l .
B - 1 1 Snnd Erom l?.goon s i d e of !>ln,?.ni (/;lemeni) i s l e t .
2-11 Sand from nind\:ard ( s o u t b . e c s t ) o i d c of ;lm.zni (lllemeni) i s l e t . B-13 Sand k:.r on 12gooii s i d e sour;: of Jnk,rrelo (Jnlli!clilc) i s l c C . 1 Sand f s o n !?,ole i n Lored p l c . t f o r n , :.?indrrr:rd s i d e , norel?. of
Jnbvjclo ( J ~ l l i 1 c l i k ) i s l e t .
3-13 Sond frop.1 nortl; end, s,:indr7.?rd s i c k , Jalitielo ( J a l l i k l i ! ~ ) i s l e t . C-16 Sand from r e e f s i d e of J c b o e r o i s l e t .
2 . Samples c o l l e c t e d Ly I?. S r . m r n s 1iaci'icil
1. Lagoon Lecch or' e l o n g ? t , ? n e z t a r n e z t e n s i o n of U t l r i l c i s l c C , Utiri.!: A t o l l .
2 . Tids.1 s w i r l pool ,:13n~, i n t e r - i $ l r : i ? d p ; . s s r s c ne-r nort'!! t i p of Utj.ri1c ?.:let.
3 . Sand l o r n r.t n o r t i - l:.zoon c r n c r of Ui:iri!c i s l e t
!.
. .
!.iici- on he7.c' U I z t norti- t i p of UtiriLc l i s l e < .5
.
G e ~ c i ; s..!ilS n c c r n o r t k ~ ~ t e s t c o r n c r of Tclc::. i s l e t , Tzlc,? i.to11, on inter-isl.:.nc! p ? s s rge sidci.5 . SECV:~:?. :ini::?i?+d i:e.zcF.> P.ilul: i s l e t , !ilulc k t 0 1 1
.
7. Se:r:r.:.rd >ere: 2:: ;lest c o r n e r d p c n i n s u l ~ o f f n o r c l e . . s t e r n sf.de ci' ,-,.. '.. i,.,irrn
-
.: i s l e t , LiLicp E.i:oli..>
.
~ c c ; : 21- 110i.i:!;1est c o r n e r 3f :$~ejir:nil i s l e t , Lilc3.ep F.tol.1.3 . Sec\l.?.rd Lc-c! of T o r r u t j i s l e t , :.<~7.?.j.?,l~xi-i1 k t o l 1 .
12. i!cstcrn t i p of E u i ~ ~ e t i l c i s l e t , :<?l?j,-:lein Atoll.
12. La$oori beac!!, 301cerolc i s l e t , Uj?c A t o l l .
li:. ~qo.-'- I ~ . i ~ ~ ~ ! . s ? c o r n e r of Znej.:l.?o i s l c t , Loe 2to11, se~ir-!rd 3 i d c . 15. Ser~r:ir& bc:.cl of n o r t i ~ r ~ e s i r pronz o f 'iotbo i s l c t , TroZ!:o A t o l l ,
jusi: n e s t of d r y si:nd p-ss2.gc sen:.rci:in;.; L .. i!ot!~o .:.i~d Zncrilcou isle>:$.
1 . Benci.. :.t
:
c...<. of 1 . r ~ ~ cove on n o r t k s i d e of !!otl.o i s l e t , !.Jott:o!.to1 1.
l ?
.
L,?.;?oon l;e.?.c!;, "iotl-o i s l e i : .1 Seori-r:l :jecc'i. a e - r s o u t : ~ n d of :.!ot>o i s l e t .
1 Lagoon be:.ch ne::r n o r t i - n c s t oi' T;Fre!c i s l e t , !iotl;o P t o l l . 2 C . Top of drme Lei-ind 1r:~oon I;e-cl or' Zirelc i s l c t , Votho ,.':toll.
L o c c l i t y , c o n t i n u e d
Lagoon kezck. nc::r sout!:c?st en-! o f L'Frc!: i s l c t , :.?ot!:o i;.coll.
Eottom 3-mple r.t end of l o i e e::ten.-lin~ :.ni:o lcgoon .?ir vest c:22 of R c e j i s l e t , Ujel:ng P:.toll.
- .
S z n l cccu::lul::Lion ?t !-goon si.de c;r vn::..r: i 3 eit).!er :-I? i r l r d u r ~ t ~ d
~u';:~l.e f l : t o r ti?c rci;mr.nt of :i s - i z e d r e e f f l ; t n e c r c:sr end o f U j e l a n z . ? . t o l l .
Lcgoori 'sex!: of I l e l l c i s l e t , iJAel:,l~:; ,! t c l l .
Sand from i r r e g u l c r i r i e s o c r c . i s c d roc!: p i - t f o r m on s-.i!v.-rc! s i d e
(-if . ? : - . ,i.;ronli!: j.31eT., U j ~ l . : n ~ C~to11.
Gca-l. .?.Ion2 west s i d e of : h r o n l i k i n l e t , Ujei:.~lz /:.to1 1.
~~~k p].;,tfor- r t nort'-: se,3.t7srfi c o r n c r of Tn!<l i s l e ? , Ta!:: / . t o l l .
Geacl, 3-11", nori:i.ncst ;id@ Tdc;: i s l e : : , p.:so:Zc s i d e .
-
IICCCI:, ?rest zi'e of poirit , r: Ujel.:ng i s l e i - , Ujelz.ng A t o l l . S m c i on sci~n?,rd rx!t pl..:tfoi-i.?, p o i n t 3, Ujel.:ng i s l c t . Gesc!b s-nd Goicerolc i s l e t , Ujce 1,t:oll.Geccl-:, n i t 1 1:t;zjaLein ..'.toI.l.
5 - 3 Gerci? sand n o r t l . w s s t c o r n e r 3 n i jellan is! e e , L i k i e p A t o i l . - 2 Scnd on se?.~izrd roc!: p l c t f o r ~ l , p o i n t 3, U j e l ~ n g i s 1 e L . J - 1 0 Sern7c.rd L,e:c:l T o r r u t j i s l a t , L.w?.jc.lein : r o l l . -7
3-11 1Tort:~eazt corner ? n e n n n i t i s l e t , Lac. :'.toll.
TN-L:. T n k . I!o. 3 c l u ~ !-.ole
U-5 U t i r i ! ~ i s l z t , o u t on s p i t .
A t o l l po311tion: I s l e t -.i: sou;:?c?.scern c c r n c r cf t o l l . :321x?lc from Ilgoon b e ~ . ~ ; , of n l r r o r s w e s t e r n ~ x e e n o i o n , -:tout % m i l e s froin e.:s:ern e n on tl:c soui:",ern r e e f , extenclini: n e l r l y 2-id, lxgoon ie::c' f . c i n g nortl..
O ' e r . ' : T>e :les.tern t i p o f ;:i; i s l e t r , 7 . s <lenu:!ed by 2 typhoon ./errs
- - - - - - - -
::SO :.nd t h e uuconsoli!::.teci n ~ t e r i - ~ L s trc.s:ied i n t o i:;-.e l;.goon. T?G
p r e s e n t biz? -';e::ci' r i d g e on ~ 1 ? . 2 1 :goon s i d e prot.:.Lly r e p r e s e n . t s rcpilin:;
of oom- of C\e f i n e r is:.teri-l.
C?:-rrcter :
--.- i>erccni:
;*< /
-
S i e v e ~ p e n i n z s : 2 , 6 . 3 5 liu;~;4 ,
/:..76 ;ti.:; 3, 2.00 ai:~; I::., 1.1? m11;$ 5 , C . i. 2 m m .
P r ~ g r ~ e n t s moder..:tely t o muc'-, xjorn i r i t : i z.11 o c ~ : ~ o i o n ; ~ l s113rp f r q p e n i : . L a r z e r p i e c e 2 ( : n '2 1 . ) r e 0 1 s h e l l s sf i?lollus!:s, p i e c e s of c o r l l .md c o r : . l l i n e .zlg::e, an(: o~l:itoir!s. Xost orL.itoic1:: see12 l e ~ s ' i o m t h r n do o t h e r c o n s i : i t u e n t s . Two o ~ a c l l c r s c r e e n s ( I ( : 33~' 35 mcsl:) h e l d -:bout 1 1 - . l x o r n f r : s ~ e ~ f n t s of c o r 1 3 ~ n d r?lz;e .:11c1 :bout ; ~ 1 f worn B;culop.ypsin: .:nC S c l c ~ r i n c :nc: ?. : f e l l sc..:.ttereii o r ~ L i t o i c l s , ::.nd
- - -
ec!~inoi!ii~x:i .:nd ~ 1 0 1 luslc f r i g m e n t s
.
c i z C e r i . l p c s s i n g tl-roug? 35-nes!- s c r e e n r:ioi-c r.ngulcr ci-r:n 1 - r t e r , s i z e s , c o n s i s t i n g of fr.?.$nents of i l z z e , cor-.ls, i?orcnini;?cr:, ti~ollus!cs, ecl;inoids, e t c . , some freo'il sr.lz?lP o r a n i n i f e r . . ::nd fixbryonfc ~ i s t r o p o d s :.nd c : l c , ~ r e o u s s p i c u l e s . e r : i7rcsi:n.s~ 0% o r b i t o i d s , ?.lollus!:s, >.nd some sn.?.ller
--
?or.-:~cliniferr in d i c - f e n r e c e n t ?ddii:ion. Colccreouo c r u o f s on inzny c o r d 1 2nd : : l s e fr-.rg.l>nts i l r t o ti;;.;: on i11cceri:l from dug :ole:: cuggescc:muci: of i?.'ceri.:l w.:s clerived f r o n unconsolii.l:~;:ecl i s l z n d sediments i.y typhoon inention2d ~ T - ~ o v e .
TFd,:.l s w i r l pos! ;long i n t e r - i s l c n c l p:;ss::zc ne-ir norti.i t i p of lJ::iri!:
i n l e t .
kcroll m ~ i o n :
--
I c l c t:r
nou';i?e:st?rn c o r n e r of .:.toil. ?,:.mple from r , p e , y . - ~ - . . . . . ,.
f?.,ji;,,
. iiJ.l;l s x ; i r l 11031 11011~ edg? cf in~zer-is!.:lnd s p i l l -"zy : f f r 7 f e e t ;-e':jnd s.:nd born ::: lrgoon c c r n e r . Gee:: 2s: tl-is p o i n c Wen<; -l.jcut :l:,T-Zj?. Sp:illv~:y S.evclops i.el?inrl s e v e r - l 3 i s ~ o n n e c : e ~ remnants of zn inclur-.i.eri r11Lb12 ?cacl::. Ceac!: behind srrirl pool fr.ccs
BDE. P o i n t ,?:;out I m i l e f r o n e o s t end of i n l a n d .
Otlier
--
Dlt,?: tial-erj..:.l i n s v ~ j . r l pool 1 3 . y i + c c e d 2.t cac!? t i d e rji.21: :~ e n e r 2 . 1 novemeni: to:.rnrd t h e 3-1121 i ~ r n . Pi-ob.il5ly much of r:~_^i:eri:;l 'rorked 1~::oonv~:ird c l o n g LezcI!.
S i z e (niesk) P e r c e n t
l e s s ti-!an 35
" /
-
F i n e f r ; c t i o n 11;s r e s i e v e d t o conforc,~ 20 t h e T.!en'cworl:!i S c a l er e e n s i y c o r l 2 . : l noder:.tely t o i l e l l xiorn,
s h e l l ; v~orn f r c s h . ;:fediuc, p:.ri:;clcs :.bout i>.clf F o r n n i n i r ' e r . .r.nc! I:clf c o r a l n r ! - 1 ~ ~ 1 ;nd o;l:.er fragaeni:s, worn to ?ngul:!r; s p i n y 17orminifer,1 w i t 1 7 most or' s p i n e s p : . r t l y o r al-iolly broken o f f b u t wit!: d i o c c l i t t l e worn, sn.:ller F o r . a ~ ~ ~ i n ; f e r c r.nd rnosi r i o i l i t t l e worn o r f r e c h . F i n e r por.i:iclez s l i g i i t l y rlorn t o c n ~ u l z , r , conri.stin:; of a ferj v e r y snr:ll o r i r i f r : . , enl;ryctlic :;;.stropodu, cclc.:.reous s p i c u l e s , 2nd f r c p e n t - , of o t h e r For.;ninifer::, cor,..ls, ..l:;:e, e t c .
Rem.irks: No evidence of . c . - l c ~ r e o u o cru-t'i~::. A l l ranterir:.ls pp:.rentJ.y
--
f r e s h l y derived, nuch of i; t c v i n g moved lcgoonv~nrd a l o n g c i d c s of p..s- s:;ee from s$,:.rj,-rd be:.c:.,es.,!.
l2.rgc pcrcenzcge of mo?lusks :;nd ori:;itoi<s :.nd some o t h e r for.?.rLi3 re c e n L l y cddc:!.Sznc! horn r t nor<::. 1:.yon c o r n e r s f U t i r i k i s l e i : .
!>toll u o a l i i o n : I s l e t 2 . t sout;:ecs:ecn c o r n z r s f ?!:oil. Snopie Ero~;?
----.
ci:ou i 1-!f.;ir.y o u t on 1on.j ].or7 iiorn c::poszd o n l y i t lo'i t i d e . l!orn .:i:.ou'c I i!iilc fr.i.1 n?.ndc~crd (C ) end of isl.:nc'.. Sanplc! from 150 t o 2CC f e e t o u t on b o r n . Xorri orien{:td LO LOU:: I.! ': y E.
Ot'zr d ~ t ; . : T 1 z ? r e s e n t I . C ~ I I i s r i l o ~ c e1ong:Ce i.l;c! loc>(:ed, 110T2 i n l i n e
-- -
~ ih e . : : , . 3 . . t\k:n .;t'Lt'. t: e r.lcrc promj.nent1y k e n t 1:oi-n on t i . e
13!$; p b c t o s r7i i c : i c oricntec! rziti; " ! - 2 l . . . ~ o o n :;erch, c u r v : ~ i ~ ~ l : ! ~ o o n ~ 7 s r d to.~~?,rdc i:he end
.
SL7e (me$:.) I c r c e n t
?'?c l.-.rger fr.-,@,~er,ss, i n o r 1 ::I;::.e ::nd ~ : o l l . u s c . :.re mor:es;;:ely t o 7 1 c r . TT c: meJiur.~-si:.ed ~ ~ r ! : i c 1 3 ~ , .:.Lout 5C p e r c e n t f o r x n s rnd i
: .
' p e r c e n t t T : 2 r , r r c ::om t o ;!.nzu?.:;r, :: c s p i n y itor.?minifer: i-li::l?
s p i n e s illos~?.y ; : r ~ k ? n 0.3 l.,ut S i . 3 ~ 3 no': ;7o-m, :XI(; i2-e orLLtoic1; cuc! si:i ... 1.1 : ~ o l l . u s k clicl!s n o t p c r c e p t ; l i l y ~7oi.n. T- c f i n e fr:iuments ::.re iileotly slic.-p
, e
.:.nG. :in::ul..r, consisLi11:; of f r ( . p ; i ~ n t ~ o f l . ~ o r a r , ~ i n % . ~ e r ~ , c o r ~ l $ > ..I.;; .e, e t c . , t75.Z) sox!? c-?c:reous s p i c u l e s .
e r r : PresurnrLl;~ i:>e fine.; : r e r7innonci: o u t r : p i < t l y :.ere, ?l;d c c r -
-
.--- --
. .r i e 6 i n t o tl:? 1:goon. A!: t ' : e o:ii~c iirao !:: e r e i s .i l.:r::er m o u n t or' co;?rse- t o zr.?.ve:.-siz-er? n:.:teri?i cccu~~iul:?.ti~;:;.
L t o l l posli:ion: I s l e t :;.t southeL,.s.;:ern c o r n e r o f c t o l l . S-npic from of I:ec-.ci-i .:.t e::crer.ie nor.?!. c o r n e r . Locatcd -.bout ! m i l e hiz?.esi: pc:rZ-
from sc.2 v... r d ( 3 ) f n d of i c l z n d .
0 .ner r~ dc:i::: C o n r ; ~ ~ ~ ~ r t e r i : l pile:: L.;: t o p of bczc!; t o :. de?;:ii of ::Lou;:
- --
2 inciic::. Ccne.:th i t i s n l i y e r nf ~ ~ e c ~ f u w f i n e t o f i n e -::nil of u n d e t e r - i ~ i n e d ti:ic!cness. Only c f e a s.c.?.t:ew:i r:i~?c!iun t o c o ? r s e f r a g f i ~ e n t s i n
Eine s.:II.-?.
.
i (riles::) P e r c e n t s u r f r c e 1:lyer
-
:I! more :!!:!n 3nul;s.rc(: :u?fl: /:. T r a c e
3 T r a c e
11:. T r a c e
.,,.
3 ;
.. . 2 0
l e s s :-.!:-:a ~i 30
;,j~i:eri.:.l of surE,:ce Lcycr consj.sio ai,?in>y of Vorn corr~.l frc:r,iillen:s .:S
sfiuch a?; 1 I;% in".:lcr, i n longest: 2inicnsion ~?i;;!: . feir p i e c e s of c o r a l - l i n e -11~c.e <.ind xiolluslc s k e l l s
.
~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ , . 3 ( ~ i . i : - l o f sul:st;:c?~u~-,l r . ' j n ~ . i s t s i.l:inly of ..ngul:.-.r fr23xl,lc11?~ of c o r r 1 3 , .!:re, rlors.fi$.nifer
.,
I~OL~US!CC. v?Lt:,. occzsion:.l T & I O ~ C s p e c i - mens of or,i::.Ller I ' o r x ~ i i n L f e r r , emi,ryonic ~ . . s . c r o p o d s an6 c,?lcareoun.spicuLen.
Rem;,r,:s: %:,e n e r r l y coiilplcce ;bsence of i t ~ i e n i i c d i i t e - s i z e d p c r : : i c l e s
- .
- cs u c e e s ~ s e n t i r e l y dlrj.;..ren;. c ? ~ ~ r , e s f o r <::z C . e p o s i t i o n of it?:: in0 i 2 y e r s .
~ : , c l o n e r f i n s :one i s ~ i n i l 2 r co f i n e m.::teri:;l i n tl-e tick.1. s w i r l ne,:ir?,y, 1 . 0 , ; ;i!,ic:-, r~2.s derpjecl from ~-i.:,e oi:!cr i s d i f f i c u l t t o S C y .
Tire co:'rsc: 3ppc.r Lone i s proi..~L,Ly c :.l.;gi- .;j::ve c ~ s . : : zone, pra;;.~k.!.y 1.71i:11 t i : c fine:: a i n n o n e d ou: .n& perl:.c.ps setrlin:; oui:.
7 ;.,e..c;! 8 in6 n e r r n o r r : : n e s t corllep of Ye!:.-. i s l e t on inter-is?,:nr! p.:.S$:!r;2 s i d e .
L t o l l p o s i t i o n : 1 ~ l e . t :!: sou1-Ilif~:si ~icI,e of .:.eoll. Reef ;:c nori-;- o f
-
Ls1e.t trertc'ls k?-3, ::.nd t o .souirl:. of i s l e : .irc!n:is -bout LIZ-S.!. Gecc!! vI?cre s . ~ n p l ~ rj;.n. i-.Icen i s Let-rccn 0 . 2 c.nd 0 . 3 i q i l e Eror.1 sesv~c.r.3 e d ~ e 2nd. f ; i c c sa b o u c d u i norill: o r i1, by E. . .
; , A :re::: m:.ny 3 c l i n o i d t e s t s { > e r e strevrn a l o n g ti:-- 2ern.c?:..
--
. . . ,
C;:.c.r:.cter: Si.ze. (men?) i2c!rcent
,. .
. .
Tr,:.ce
L a r ~ c r fr,?.zi;lents iiloder.. ' f l y worn 'ili cli r. f e ? ~ fresi: :.n~ul;r fr.?gs.lentz, ::?<I
2 f e u f r e s i . siiollus!: s i : e i l s , c o n s i s t i n g o f f r
...@I
enlrs o f c o r z l s , .?lr;ne, e c i r i n o i d c , i?~ollus!:s r:nd sor,le ori:ii:oids. ilcdium-sized p c r f i c l e n morc!u l coai:rins :.Lout ($0 pcrceni: s p i n e d for;:;ms rlii:h s p i n e s I ; I O ~ I : ~ J I
i,rol:en o f f 1:~:: 5.incs n o t iiorn, 2nd ?::ou;: i C p e r c e n t cor.?.l, .?:L$,?.l;