D. Technique of Data Collection
1. Questionnaire
37 Questionnaire is one of the most widely used social research technique. The idea formulating precise written questions, for those whose opinions or experience you are interested in, seems such an obvious strategy for finding the answer to the issues that interested someone.55
In this research, researcher used a questionnaire to find out score about English Education Lecturers’ attitude towards computer on sixth semester and also find out score about their English teaching instruction at State Islamic College of Ponorogo
The questionnaire use Likert scale, in this research consists of 25 numbers multiple choice items that prepare 4 answers choice in each question that counts as follow:56
A. Always (SL) = 4 point B. Often (SR) = 3 point C. Sometime (KK) = 2 point
D. Never (TP) = 1 point
The appropriate instrument for research should be valid and reliable. The questionnaire as the instrument of this research must be proved by testing its validity and reliability
a. Validity
55 Ibid.,, 179.
56 Appendix 2.
38 Validity defined as the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by proposed used of test.57 In this research, validity used to measure ea6ch items of questionnaire. Then validity used a technique of correlation product moment by Karl Pearson was used. The formulation is as follow:
� = �� − � (� )
�� �− � �(�� �−(� )�)
Notes:
= the correlation coefficient between variable and Y variable.
XY = the total number of score multiplication of X variable and Y variable.
Σx = the total number of scores of X variable.
Σy = the total number of scores of Y variable.
Σ 2 = the total number of square score of X variable.
Σ 2 = the total number of square score of Y variable.58
The size of a validity coefficient is influenced by the strength of the relationship between test and criterion and the range of individual differences in the group. As usual, the nearer the coefficient is to 1, 00 (+ or -), the stronger evidence is that the test is useful for the stated purpose.59
57 Donald Ary, et al., Introduction to Research in Education: Eight Edition, (USA:
Wadsworth, 2010), 225.
58 Retno Widyaningrum, Statistik: edisi revisi, (Ponorogo: STAIN Press Ponorogo, 2009), 107.
59 Donald Ary, et al., Introduction to Research in Education: Eight Edition, 230.
39 In this study, the validity analysis for the first questionnaire is about the English Education Department lecturers’ on sixth semester attitude towards computer at State College of Islamic Studies Ponorogo. There are consists of 25 statement items, where 4 numbers is not valid and the rest is 21 numbers is valid will use to collect data about English Education Department lecturers’ attitude on sixth semester towards computer.
Then, the result of the test validity about English Education Department lecturers’ attitude on sixth semester towards computer in State College of Islamic Studies Ponorogo as follow:60
Table 3.2 the Result of Validity Test Lecturers’ Attitude towards Computer Question
Number “r” calculated “r” criteria Criteria
1 0.432052365 0.217 Valid
2 0.029313723 0.217 Invalid
3 0.31703919 0.217 Valid
4 0.176871868 0.217 Invalid
5 0.336504538 0.217 Valid
6 0.390120599 0.217 Valid
7 0.395207571 0.217 Valid
8 0.44208839 0.217 Valid
9 0.296092171 0.217 Valid
10 0.387026113 0.217 Valid
11 0.294760931 0.217 Valid
12 0.442203597 0.217 Valid
13 0.478326374 0.217 Valid
14 0.37531148 0.217 Valid
60 Appendix 2.
40
15 0.448443409 0.217 Valid
16 0.242205494 0.217 Valid
17 0.480771601 0.217 Valid
18 0.315079317 0.217 Valid
19 0.242205494 0.217 Valid
20 0.428758037 0.217 Valid
Question
Number “r” calculated “r” criteria Criteria
21 0.40365 0.217 Valid
22 0.241082642 0.217 Valid
23 -0.153425719 0.217 Invalid
24 0.337916307 0.217 Valid
25 -0.277168132 0.217 Invalid
Based on the table 3.2, it shows that there are 4 invalid items. They are number 2, 4, 23, and 25. Therefore, 21 items will be used to the research.
For second questionnaire is about English teaching instruction on sixth semester in English Education Department at State College of Islamic Studies Ponorogo. The result of validity items as follows:61
Table 3.3 the Result of Validity Test English Instruction
Question Number "r" Calculated "r" Criteria Criteria
1 0.591123556 0.217 Valid
2 0.305119151 0.217 Valid
3 0.471746015 0.217 Valid
4 0.315381321 0.217 Valid
5 0.157163803 0.217 Invalid
61 Appendix 6.
41
6 0.663374465 0.217 Valid
7 0.342448228 0.217 Valid
8 -0.08751089 0.217 Invalid
9 0.353511861 0.217 Valid
10 -0.062702107 0.217 Invalid
11 0.256947331 0.217 Valid
12 0.318834026 0.217 Valid
Question Number "r" Calculated "r" Criteria Criteria
13 -0.214406505 0.217 Invalid
14 0.270137768 0.217 Valid
15 0.015080924 0.217 Invalid
16 0.385601009 0.217 Valid
17 0.265455672 0.217 Valid
18 0.223695324 0.217 Valid
19 0.314985726 0.217 Valid
20 0.408906565 0.217 Valid
21 0.060721728 0.217 Invalid
22 0.302156243 0.217 Valid
23 0.230277649 0.217 Valid
24 0.402134701 0.217 Valid
25 0.164375149 0.217 Invalid
Based on the table 3.3, it shows that there are 7 invalid items. They are number 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 22 and 25. Therefore, 18 items will be use on this research.
b. Reliability
Reliability is constancy or carefulness of instrument evaluation. In quantitative research, reliability is an essentially a synonym for dependability, consistency and explicability over time, over instruments, and over groups of
42 respondent.62 To measure reliability used the Alpha formula. Alpha formula used to measure a reliability if the score of item more than 1. The formula as follows:63
11
=
−1
1 −
Ʃ��22Notes:
11 = Reliability instruments.
K = total items number.
Ʃ� 2 = Total of variant.
�2 = Variant total
The more reliability coefficient is depressed below 1 and the lower the reliability conversely, if the reliability coefficient is near 1. 00, the instrument is relatively little error and high reliability.64
In this research, researcher calculated Varian per item, to find Varian total per item. Varian total per item will be use to calculated Varian total items, and then put into Alpha Cronbach formula. The last steps is compare the result with “r product moment table”, researcher find a reliability coefficient is 11 = 0.700460123.65 And
= 0.537 (for n= 22, and α = 5%).
62 Louis Cohen, et al., Research Method in Education, (New York: Madison Avenue, 2007), 146.
63 Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan dan Praktik,196..
64 Cohen, et al., Research Method in Education, 241.
65 Appendix 4
43 From the explanation above, we know that 11 is highest than , so these instrument evaluation about English Education Department lecturers’ attitude on sixth semester towards computer is reliable.
In other hand, researchers also use same steps and formula to find reliability coefficient of English instruction. The reliability coefficient is 11 > = 0, 46744908 > 0.423. It is reliable where n = 22 and α = 5%