Various consultation processes were held at national and sub-national levels to develop the ERP through identification of key stakeholders, issues, as well as safeguards mechanisms to address the issues. The following is a summary of the consultations and associated progress.
9 Under the NDC, the GoI has committed to a reduction of 29% of its emissions through its own efforts, and up to 41% with international support, by 2030,
3.5.1 Stakeholder Identification
Stakeholder identification was done during Public Communication The Idea Note (ERPIN) Emission Reduction-Program Compilation Process in the FCPF Carbon Fund Framework (November 2015) and at a Workshop on the Institution of a Land-Based Program to Reduce Emissions in the Province of East Kalimantan (December 2015). The results were:
Identification of stakeholders (including Adat communities), and roles and authorities appropriate for the institutionalization of MRV, safeguards and benefit sharing;
A Draft Provincial Reguliation on the institutionalization of MRV, safeguards and benefit sharing for programs aimed at reducing emissions in the Province of Kalimantan Timur.
These were further integrated into the ERP design; and
Alignment of MRV, Safeguards, Registry System and FGRM, with the national mechanism.
Additionally, the process continued with stakeholder engagement to socialize/mainstream emissions reduction programs within the framework of the FCPF Carbon Fund in Kutai Kartanegara District (June 2016) and Penajam Paser Utara (November 2016). Stakeholders identified in this process are described in Sections 2.2.2 and 2.3.2 on stakeholder identification and mapping respectively. These meetings were done at the district level to encourage participation of district level stakeholders.
However, participation needs to be improved by conducting consultations with specific groups (e.g., customary and vulnerable groups).
3.5.2 Consultation Process
Records from consultation process indicate that key stakeholders are involved in the discussion.
These key stakeholders are the ones with high influence and high interest on the ERP (as described in Section 2.3.2). Moreover, these stakeholders also represent those influencing the ERP (e.g., national and sub-national governments, NGOs, Customary councils), as well as those impacted by the ERP (e.g., Indigeneous peoples, plantation companies). However, mining companies that will be impacted by ERP are not adequately represented.
The consultation process was done through FGDs, interviews and presentation of ideas and concepts. This allows dissemination of ideas among participants and stakeholders. Consultations process have taken into account vulnerability and gender differences groups. Further, the process was done to encourage clarifications, questions and in-depth discussions to put more weights in analysing the key issues. Brainstorming sessions within the consultation process allowed concerns from participants (representing each of the stakholders) to be compiled as key issues, and were considered under the ERP. Consultation to-date is sufficient to consolidate ideas, develop program design and agree on the envrionmental and social risks. However, further consultations are needed to ensure FPIC and formulation of benefit sharing mechanism.
3.5.3 Key Issues
Consultation processes identified issues related to the following aspects:
Environmental and social issues consisting of tenurial conflict and disputes; institutional capacity constraints in managing potential environmental and social risk; governance risks;
lack of participation; lack of effective and accessible FGRM; gender inequalities and social exclusion; and access restrictions and impacts on livelihoods;
Drivers of deforestation consisting of: timber plantations, estate crops, mining, subsistence agriculture, unsustainable logging practices, forest and land fires, and aquaculture;
ER program design: Synchronising Deforestation Drivers with the ERPD Program Design and Calculating Emission Targets (November 2017), SESA and ESMF documents (September 2017), and Safeguards (December 2015, February 2017, August 2017, September 2017, and October 2018); and
Institutional capacity and development of a strategy to integrate the REDD+ program into the RPJMD capacity (November 2016), capacity for addressing environmental and social risks/safeguards (July 2017), and HCV and conflict mediation (February 2017).
Key concerns that emerged from the consultation process included potential impacts of the ERP on environment and social aspects, as summarised in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Predicted social impacts were defined as potential benefits (positive impacts) and potential source of conflicts (negative impacts).
Table 2 Predicted environmental impacts of the ERP in East Kalimantan.
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Improve protection of protected areas and reduce the level of illegal logging
Improved carbon stock
Forest area will be more protected, and this will minimize deforestation in the future
Improved forest management practices
Clear FMU boundaries will improve forest area management by FMU
Improved capacity of FMU to manage forest areas better
Improved forest protection and other ecosystem services
Improved quality of habitat, environment and protected areas within the estate crops
Better village land-use and reduced forest conversion
Sustainable benefits for environment and community
Reduced land and forest fire
Improved forest and natural habitat protection
Reduced forest conversion for new estate crops
Reduced illegal logging
HCV areas within timber plantation concession will be more protected
Positive response and interest from plantation company that will positively impact on reducing illegal logging
Reduced forest degradation and deforestation
Better protection of conservation forests
Better protection and improved mangrove ecosystems
Forest and biodiversity degradation as well as deforestation can increase due to the uncertainty of management over the period of formulating the mechanism for conflict resolution (status quo)
Contamination of soil and water, and health risks associated with the use of pesticides and as result of poor waste management practices
Successes in reducing impacts on forests could lead to displacements of these impacts to other areas
Increased soil compactness at skidding trails
Waste from equipment and vehicle operations during RIL practise
Opening of small scale areas as a result of developing the supporting infrastructure
Table 3 Predicted social impacts of the ERP in East Kalimantan.
Positive Impacts (Potential benefits for communities or Indigenous Peoples)
Negative Impacts (Potential Sources of Conflicts)
Better protection of natural cultural resources due to allocation for ERP
Potential inclusions and collaborations between local communities with concession holders
Improved community livelihoods due to REDD+
support and fair benefit sharing mechanism
Improved capacity of government and private sector, as well as farmer groups through capacity building activities
Improved capacity for SFM and RIL for various stakeholders
Improved capacity of small holders in sustainable crop practices
Better access to forest resources for cultural reasons and non-timber forest products
Improved capacity of community group related to social forestry
Improved capacity on forest conservation
Improved access to forest by the forest conservation partnership scheme
Sustainable income generation for local communities
More benefits for local communities (environmental services, e.g., ecotourism, and economic activities)
There is no management within the moratorium areas which would leave room for potential illegal activities
Potential uncertainty over conflict management throughout the process of formulating a conflict resolution instrument (mechanism) (status quo)
Potential discontent among specific groups which traditionally would have played a key role in conflict resolution
Potential conflict over village boundaries
Potential to limit access and activities of
communities in utilizing the land, forest products, both wood and non-wood, in HCV areas and potential conflict with companies.
Communities living in and around palm oil concessions could potentially assume the HCV areas as land unused by the concession therefore leaving room for them to conduct land clearing
Local un-skill workers may be replaced by skilled workers from out side the group
For locals associated with illegal logging activities may loss their job and income
Decreased shrimp/fish pond production
Culture changes and aquaculture system technology
Potential conflicts between formal and traditional laws
Community concerns may not be accommodated into the program/activities due to lack of capacities (lack of effective FGRM/FPIC)
Potential conflict between community and other entities (concession holders, FMUs)
3.5.4 Summary of the Consultation Outcomes
Based on identification of key issues, consultation process resulted in the following outcomes:
Aspects on land conflicts are discussed as part of the readiness evaluation. This included review of policies on land ownership. Training on conflict mediation and plantation business appraisals to mitigate the risk of conflicts. This included the discussion on an integrated FGRM under provincial secretariat (SEKDA);
Discussion with BIOMA regarding the definition of indigenous peoples, including relevant adat claims and tenure. Definition of Indigenous Peoples, and existing regulations to support Indigenous Peoples (PERDA No. 1/2015);
Training material for the delivery of REDD+ and safeguards, REDD+ implementation supports the needs to increase capacity for coordination across government agencies as well as private sector. Provincial REDD+ Strategy: Policy, Regulation, and Governance, Development of East Kalimantan REDD+ SES and REDD+ Experience in Jambi provides the
stakeholders (provincial government agencies) with coordination aspects to consider when implementing jurisdictional REDD+;
Biodiversity management framework discussion with University of Mulawarman (UNMUL) encourages explicit safeguards which include ability to enforce certain regulations (i.e. HCV conservation, and conservation of habitat of endangered species);
Capacities for environmental and social risk management were discussed and improved during technical guidance on HCVF monitoring. This event continued with group discussion to fill in the ESMF matrix;
ERPD public consultation discussed emissions calculations, benefit sharing mechanisms, and MRV. Indirect emission reduction scheme, enabler conditions, and agreed benefit sharing mechanism still need to be included in ERPD documents. Concensus on benefit sharing mechanism to indigenous peoples was also established;
Impacts resulting from license revocation (i.e. mining, forestry, plantation) as well as improved managements of HCV and natural resources were discussed during workshop on sustainable plantations. Drivers of deforestations were identified, and license revocation may halt palm oil expansion and increase area allotments for carbon stocks; and
The consultation process also covered the needs for data and knowledge management to allow shared learning and dissemination of information during ERP implementation. This would allow adaptive management for continuous improvements throughout ERP implementations.
3.5.5 Next Plan for Consultation and Engagement
Following the public consultation in Samarinda (21 May 2019) and Balikpapan (23 May 2019), the plan for consultation and engagement consisted of:
Information disclosure during socialisation of the ERP and REDD+ concept to district stakeholders (government and non-government) scheduled for 2019 in seven districts in East Kalimantan, and;
Consultations with community at the village level, including indigenous peoples, in FPIC process, for socialisation and got consent from communities, with specific issues such as tenurial rights and access to natural resources.
District agencies during this process will consist of BAPPEDA, Forestry Agency, Environmental Agency, Estate Crops Agency, FMU, Energy & mineral resource Agency, District Land Office and Environmental Agency. Adat council will be involved in this process to ensure proper representation of indigenous peoples (i.e, Adat that have received recognition from district governments).