CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
Based on the problem in the class, a researcher can prepare the design that would be researched. The researcher used the quantitative research to identify the influence of using KWL strategy on the students‟ reading comprehension ability at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana. Moreover, Aliaga and Gunderson defines that quantitative research is „Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).33
Actually, Daniel decided that there are two kinds of quantitative research design namely experimental design and non-experimental design. The experimental design is defined as a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth or examine the validity of a hypothesis.34
In this research, the kind of the researcher is quantitative research. The researcher will conduct the experimental design that use class XI.IPA2.
This research is to know whether the KWL strategy can influence the students‟ reading comprehension ability. To investigate the achievement of the research, firstly the students was given the question from the researcher to
33 Daniel Muijs, Doing Quantitative Research In Education,(London: SAGE publications,2004),p.1
34 Ibid,p.13
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know knowledge of reading comprehension in the pretest, the researcher got the low scores and high scores. After the researcher knew the score of the students, the researcher made the treatment for all students by using KWL strategy and reading text to increase their knowledge. The researcher explained more about KWL strategy.
After the treatment has been conducted, the researcher administrated the post test to know the result from the treatment. The researcher identified the students‟ achievement in reading comprehension ability. If the score were higher than post test it indicated that the KWL strategy can‟t be used to increase the reading comprehension ability but if the score were higher than pretest, it showed that the KWL strategy influenced the students reading comprehension ability in the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
B. The Operational Definitions Of Variables
Variables in this research are consisted of KWL strategy and reading comprehension ability.
1. Independent Variable
According to Yogesh “Independent variable can be understood at the factor that is measured, manipulated, selected or controlled by the researcher.”35 The independent variables are variable (probably) cause,
35 Yogesh Kumar Singh, Fundamental of Research Methodology and Statistics, (New Delhi:New Age International Publisher,2006), p.63.
influence or effect outcome. They are also called treatment. The variables examine are classified into independent and dependent variable.
KWL strategy is the variable which influence the dependent variable. Independent variable in this research is KWL strategy at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana. KWL strategy to give the way and knowledge for students in comprehend the reading text. In this research the students can comprehend the text easily by using KWL strategy.
The indicators of this variable are :
a. The students know what is the KWL strategy.
b. The students can learn reading text by KWL strategy.
2. Dependent Variable
According to Creswell “Dependent variable of this research is the variable which is observe and measure to determine the effect of the independent variable.”36 Dependent variables are variables that depend on the independent variable. It is the results of the influence of the independent variable. Dependent variable of this research is reading comprehension ability that can be defined as one of skills in English to get more information, knowledge and message in a text. According to Brown, indicators of this dependent variable are:
1) The students can identify and analyze reading text.
2) The students can find information from reading text.
36John Creswell, Research Design., p.94
3) The students should have knowledge about understanding the reading passage.
4) The students can get the message from the text, includes main idea and specific information.
C. Population, Sample, and Sampling Technique 1. Population
The populations is all individuals of interest to the researcher. It means that the population of this research was the students. The population of this research was the students of the eleventh graders of SMA N 1 Sukadana. In this research the total population was 128 students who are divided into five classes.
2. Sample
Sample is a small proportion of population selected for observation and analysis.37 The quality of a research is not only determined by a big number of sample, but also by the valid theories and the data analysis. It means that sample is the part of population which represent that population will be researched.
37Prabhat pandey and meenu mishra pandey, Research methodology : tools and techniques,(bridge center:2015),p.43
The samples of the research as respondent is XI.IPA2, students who have eleventh graders of SMA N 1 Sukadana, that number is 26 students.
3. Sampling technique
This research is needed sample as example to describe population condition. Donal Ary defined sample is a portion of population.38 Meanwhile, Marczyk defined sample as” a subset of the population.”39
In other words, sample is part of population that will be researched.
Sampling technique is a way to decide the sample which is appropriate with data source and gives attention in characteristics and distributing population in order to get representative sampling. The sampling technique applied in this research was purposive clustering sampling that is determined sample by using consideration. The writer had chosen the students from XI.IPA2 class, because this class got the lowest English ability especially in their understanding of reading comprehension that very poor appropriate with the pre-survey result.
D. Data Collecting Method
38 Ibid.
39 Geoffrey Marczyk et.al., Essential of Research Design and Methodology, (New Jersy, Jhon Willey and Sons Inc, 2005), p.84
In collecting data, the writer use the following procedures which can be described as follows :
1. Test
The valid data can be reached through several techniques of data collection method, one of them is test. Test is a way which is used to measure a person‟s ability or knowledge in a given domain40.
Whereas, this research is a true experimental design research with applying pre-test and post-test. So, the researcher used test as data collection method to measure dependent variable. The researcher will use reading comprehension ability.
a. Pre-test
The pre-test will be held in the first meeting before doing treatment in order to know ability of the students before doing the action researcher.
b. Post-test
The post-test will be held in the last meeting after doing treatments to find out whether the treatment gives any contribution to the students‟ achievement in the class. It has been done after the treatments, in order to know whether this method is effective or not to influence the students‟ reading comprehension.
40 Douglas H. Brown, Teaching by principles an interactive approach to language pedagogy,san fransisco:longman,2001,p.384
2. Documentation
In getting the information, the researcher was got three kind of source such us : paper, place and people. Documentation is the tools which has written like books, magazines, document, regulation, note, etc.
The researcher will use this method to get the data about the history of school, the conditions of teachers and official employees, the quantity of students, and the organization structures of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
E. Research Instrument
The research instrument in this research will held the test which had explained as follows :
1. Instrument Blueprint
To earn the data related to the research problems, the researcher designed with indicators which have been decided. Moreover, the researcher used pre-test and post-test instrument for the experimental class, here are blueprint :
a. The instrument which was used in test in this research, it included the pre-test and post-test about reading comprehension ability result. The researcher use the objective test that is multiple choices and essays test.
The researcher will instruct the students to share their idea about the topic.
The composition is analyzed and scored by this way, the criteria of reading comprehension ability :
1) Students can identify the meaning of the ideas in the text.
2) Students can identify communicative purpose of the text.
3) Students can identify main idea of the text.
4) Students can identifying information contained in the text.
The researcher will compare the scores in order to measure whether there is any significant influence between using KWL strategy on the students‟ reading comprehension ability.
b. The instrument which will use in documentation method is documentation guidance, as follow :
1) Documentation about conditions of the teachers and officials in the SMA N 1 Sukadana.
2) Documentation about the students of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
3) Documentation about the organization structure of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
c. The instrument which will use in observation method is observation guidance. In this technique, the data is taken from the observation list about everything will be happened during teaching learning process which are about the teacher‟s treatment to the students, which method the teacher use and how the process worked. The observation also is about students‟ responses and participation learning process.
2. Instrument Calibration
Instrument calibration is the scale of measurement which will be used to decide the instrument standard which will be used. Moreover, the researcher will use the standard for test instrument as following :
a. Validity
To get an accurate data, the instrument which the test have a good quality. Therefore, the researcher uses content validity and construct validity. Beside that, construct validity refers to the measurement of the research which has some indicators to measure one aspect or construct.
In the other word, the instrument would be relevant to the focus of the research. Therefore, the researcher use content validity based on the syllabus and materials at the eleventh graders of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
b. Reliability
Reliability is the other way that researchers have of evaluating whether their variables and finding are effective.Reliability is about consistency.41 If the result of the instrument are consistent, it is called reliable. The reliability of the instrument has a close relionship with triangulation. There are some techniques in triangulation : interview, observation, and documentation. This research, the writer will use documentation.
41Margaret Alston,Wendy Bowles, Research for Social Workers An Intorduction to Methods 2nd ed.,(Australia,2003),p.49
F. Data analysis Technique
In data analysis technique, the researcher will use two formulas. To investigate whether there is a significant influence of using KWL strategy on the students‟ reading comprehension ability at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana, the researcher analyzes the data by using t-test.
According Donal Ary the formulation of t-test as follows 42 :
) 1 (
2 2
N N
N D D
t D
Notes :
t = ratio.
= Average difference.
N = Total of participant
D = Total of pre-test and post-test
D2 = Total of pre-test and post-test (2)Secondly, to investigate whether there is any significant influence of using KWL strategy on the students‟ reading comprehension ability at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana, the researcher used Chi-Square formula.
42 Donal ary ,Introduction to Research in Education (Canada:Wadsworth,2006),p.177
According to Donal Ary, when dealing with nominal data, the most widely used test of significance are the Chi-Square tests. They compare observed frequencies and expected frequencies.43It is used to examine the significant differences between observed frequencies and expected frequencies in this research, the research uses Chi-Square formula. The formula of Chi-Square44 :
∑ ( ( ) )
Where :
x2 : Chi-Square obtained fo : observed frequency fh : expected frequency
43 Ibid,p.188
44 Ibid.,
CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE RESEARCH A. Description of the Data
1. Research Setting
a. The History of SMA N 1 Sukadana
SMA Negeri 1 Sukadana is one of the senior high school in East Lampung. SMA Negeri 1 Sukadana is located at the Ki Hajar Dewantara-street Number. 1 Sukadana, its construction in 1983 which was at that time in the region of Central Lampung regency government.
Standing on a land area of 18,900 m2 donated by some villagers Pasar Sukadana East Lampung.
Table 3
Period of Principal in SMA N 1 Sukadana
No Name of Principles Periode
1 Said Ilyas, BA 1983-1990
2 Drs. Sirad HP 1990-1992
3 Drs. JahidinHusin 1992-1998
4 Drs. Hi Burhanuddin H 1998-2000
5 Drs. Emrizal 2000-2001
6 Drs. Yahya 2001-2002
7 Dra. Hj. Zuraida R. M 2002-2007
8 PutriHartina, S.Pd. M.Si 2007-2012
9 Adam Usman, M.Pd 2012-2017
10 PutriHartina, S.Pd. M.Si 2017-Now
Source: School archivetaken on May3rd, 2017.
39
b. Vission and Mission of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
1. Vision School: “Be the ideal school” with indicators:
a) Excellent in academic.
b) Excellent in the field of nonacademic.
c) Excellent in performing.
2. Mission of SMA N 1 Sukadana.
Based on above vision, the mission determined to make it happen as follows:
a) Supplying of school facilities and infrastructure to support the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning activities to produce quality graduates.
b) The implementation of effective learning and guidance so that every students‟ can advance optimally appropriate with their potential.
c) Giving the intensive achievement motivation through about the school to students‟.
d) Foster appreciation of the teaching of religion and culture of the nation so that the source of wisdom in the act.
e) Implementing participatory management by involving the whole school community and local community school.
f) Improving the welfare of teachers and employees.
c. Building Condition and School Facilities 1) Facilities and Infrastructure
SMA N 1 Sukadana has permanent facilities and infrastructure that divided into several rooms for teaching purpose such as:
a) Class Room:
1) Class Room : 17 Rooms.
b) Laboratory
1) Laboratory Computer : 1 Room.
c) Office and Staff Room:
1) Principal Room : 1 Room.
2) Administration room : 1 Room.
3) Room of BP/BK : 1 Room.
4) Kitchen room : 1 Room.
d) Facilitation
1) The Library : 1 Room.
2) UKS room : 1 Room.
3) Room of OSIS : 1 Room.
4) Mosque : 1 Room.
5) The Counselor Room : 1 Room.
6) Guardian house : 1 Room.
7) Canteen : 1 Room.
8) Parking Bicycles/ Motorcycle: 1 Room.
9) Toilet : 3 Rooms.
d. The Condition of the Teachers and Official Employees
The number of teachers and official employees in SMAN1 Sukadana in academic year 2017/2018 that can be identified as follows:
Table 4
The Teachers Educational Background
S1 S2
41 persons 3 persons
From the table above, it shows that the condition of teachers and the official employers at SMAN1 Sukadana, which consists of 3 teachers in level of degree S2, 41 teachers in level of degree S1.
e. The Quantity of Students
The students‟ quantity of SMA N 1 Sukadana in the academic year of 2017/2018 is 428 that can be identified as follows:
Table 5
The Quantity of Students in SMA N 1 Sukadana
No Class Male Female Total
1 X.IPA.1 10 18 28
2 X.IPA.2 8 20 28
3 X.IPA.3 9 20 29
4 X.IPS.1 10 20 30
5 X.IPS.2 12 17 29
6 X.IPS.3 10 18 28
Total Class X 59 113 172
1 XI.IPA.1 8 19 27
2 XI.IPA.2 11 15 26
3 XI.IPA.3 10 15 25
4 XI.IPS.1 12 14 26
5 XI.IPS.2 9 15 24
Total Class XI 50 78 128
1 XII.IPA.1 8 18 26
2 XII.IPA.2 11 15 26
3 XII.IPA.3 12 14 26
4 XII.IPS.1 8 16 24
5 XII.IPS.2 9 17 26
Total Class XII 48 80 128
Source: School archives of SMAN 1 Sukadana
2. Reasearch Data
a. The Result of the Student‟s Pre-test
The researcher conducted pre-test in the first meeting to measure the student‟s score of reading comprehension.The pre-test used in this research was in the form of do assignment about descriptive text .The result pre-test can be identified as follows :
Table 6
The Student‟s Reading Comprehension Result of Pre-test at the Eleventh Grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana No Students’ Name Pre-Test (X1)
1. AU 55
2 AS 75
3 ADM 55
4 AS 60
5 AK 85
6 AER 45
7 DA 55
8 DWA 60
9 FA 65
10 FAR 70
11 FWES 65
12 HMY 65
13 MK 55
14 MZ 70
15 MJAP 60
16 NR 70
17 N 35
18 NS 50
19 RH 60
20 RY 55
21 RF 75
22 RI 70
23 SN 45
24 S 80
25 SS 70
26 SA 45
Total Score Ʃ = 1595
Maximal Score = 35
Minimal Score = 85
Mean Score = 61,35
The test was followed by 26 students. Based on the table above, then the researcher measured the class interval by using formulation as follows :
R = The highest score – the lowest score Note :
The highest score = 85
The lowest score = 35 R = 85 - 35
= 50
K = 1 + 3,3 log n
= 1 + 3,3 log (26)
= 1 + 3,3(1,41)
= 5,65 (6) P = R
K
= 50 5,65
= 8,84 (9)
The total of class interval (P) for pre-test was 6. After knowing the interval class, than the data which was taken from interval above was put on the table of frequency distribution, as follows :
Table 7
The Frequency Distribution of the Students‟ Reading Comprehension Score in Pre-test
No Class Interval Frequency Percentage
1 85-94 1 3,85 %
2 75-84 3 11,54 %
3 65-74 8 30,76 %
4 55-64 9 34,62 %
5 45-54 4 15,38 %
6 35-44 1 3,85 %
Total 26 100%
Based on the table of frequency distribution above, it can be inferred that from 26 students as the research samples, there was a
student who was included in the score of 85-94 or 3,85 %, 3 students who got the score 75-84 or 11,54%, 8 students who got the score 65-74 or 30,76%, 9 students who got 55-64 or 34,62%, 4 students who got 45- 54 or 15,38% and for the last there was a student who got the score 35- 44 or 3,85%.
In addition, the chart below illustrated the frequency distribution of the students‟ reading comprehension score in pre-test :
Figure 2
The Frequency Distribution in Reading Comprehension Score of Pre-Test
1 3 8 9 4 1
3,85%
11.54%
30.76%
34.62%
15.38%
3.85%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
85-94 75-84 65-74 55-64 45-54 35-44
precentage frequency
b. The Result of the Student‟s Post-test
Post test was employed in the last program of this research after giving some treatments and exercise to the students. The test used in present research was the same type as pre-test but in the different title and it was more developed. The result of the students‟ post test can be shown as follows:
Table 8
The Student‟s Reading Comprehension Result of Post-test at the Eleventh Grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana
No Students’ Name Post-Test (X2)
1. AU 80
2 AS 85
3 ADM 85
4 AS 80
5 AK 85
6 AER 70
7 DA 70
8 DWA 85
9 FA 85
10 FAR 80
11 FWES 85
12 HMY 80
13 MK 70
14 MZ 85
15 MJAP 75
16 NR 75
17 N 60
18 NS 85
19 RH 65
20 RY 75
21 RF 80
22 RI 80
23 SN 65
24 S 85
25 SS 80
26 SA 85
Total Score Ʃ = 2035
Maximal Score = 85
Minimal Score = 60
Mean Score = 78,27
The test was followed by 26 students. Based on the table above, then the researcher measured the class interval by using formulation as follows :
R = The highest score – the lowest score Note :
The highest score = 85 The lowest score = 60 R = 85-60
= 25
K = 1 + 3,3 log n
= 1 + 3,3 log (26)
= 1 + 3,3(1,41)
= 5,65 (6)
P = R K
= 25 5,65
= 4,43 (5)
The total of class interval (P) for pre-test was 6. After knowing the interval class, than the data which was taken from interval above was put on the table of frequency distribution, as follows :
Table 9
The Frequency Distribution of the Students‟ Reading Comprehension Score in Post-test
No Class Interval Frequency Percentage
1 85-90 10 38,46%.
2 79-84 7 26,92%
3 73-78 3 11,54%
4 67-72 3 11,54%
5 61-66 2 7,69%
6 55-60 1 3,85%
Total 26 100%
Based on the table of frequency distribution above, it can be inferred that from 26 students as the research samples, there were 10 student who was included in the score of 85-90 or 38,46 %, 7 students who got the score 79-84 or 26,92%, 3 students who got the score 73-78 or 11,54%, 3 students who got 67-72 or 11,54%, 2 students who got 61- 66 or 7,69% and for the last there was a student who got the score 55-60 or 3,85%.
In addition, the chart below illustrated the frequency distribution of the students‟ reading comprehension score in pre-test :
Figure 3
The Frequency Distribution in Reading Comprehension Score of Post-Test
B. Hypothesis Testing
After applying the test and getting the documentation, the researcher analyzed the data by using analysis chi-square and t-test in order to prove whether there is the influence of KWL strategy on the students‟ reading comprehension ability at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana East Lampung, as followed:
1. Putting the data into the formula Chi-Square (X2)
After administering the written test method, the researcher analyzed the data by using of Chi-Square (X2) with two variables in order to prove whether there is a positive and significant influence of using KWL strategy on the students reading
10 7 3 3 2 1
38.46%
26.92%
11,54% 11.54%
7.69%
3.85%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
85-90 79-84 73-78 67-72 61-66 55-60
precentage frequency
comprehension ability at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Sukadana East Lampung, as followed:
∑ ( ( ) )
Table 10
The Contingency Table of the expected Frequency at the Result of Students‟
Reading Comprehension Ability in Pretest and Posttest
Variables
Category
Total
Good Fair Bad
Pre-test 2 7 17 N = 26
Post-test 17 6 3 N = 26
Total Cn = 19 Cn =13 Cn =20 N = 52
Hypothesis testing by using Chi-square analyzed as followed:
Table 11 The Testing of Data
Sel: f0 fe = f0-fe (f0-fe)2 ( )
1 2
= 9,5 -7,5 56,25 5,92
2 7
0,5 0,25 0,04
3 17
= 10 7 49 4,9
4 17
= 9,5 7,5 56,25 5,92
5 6
= 6,5 -0,5 0,25 0,04
6 3
=10 -7 49 4,9
Total Fe = 52 - 211 X2= 21,72
From the data above, the value of Chi-square was 21,72. Then, know the critical value of Chi-square the researcher firstly counted df, it was degree of freedom. The formulation of df:
Df = (c-1) (r-1)
= (3-1) (2-1)
= 2 Note:
Df = Degree of freedom c = column
R = row
Table 12
The Table of Critical Value of Chi-square Level of significant 5% 1%
Df 2 5,9914 9,2103
a. The critical value of X2 table for 5% level was 5,9914 b. The critical value of X2 for 1% level was 9,2103 From all data analysis above, it could be known that:
a. X2observed = 21,72
b. X2table of expectancy = 5% (5,9914) and 1% (9,2103)
The degrees of freedom is 2, so the values of X2table on degrees of freedom are 5% = 5,9914) and 1% = 9,2103). In this research, the students