• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Research Recommendations

Dalam dokumen Social and Economic Control of Alcohol (Halaman 175-183)

. 1..Research.is.needed.that.will.allow.better.understanding.of.the.three.domains.

of.perceptions,.policies,.and.social.norms.

. 2..Develop. assessment. tools. that. allow. community. prevention. practitioners.

to.identify.where.they.are.in.regard.to.the.three.domains,.and.assist.them.

in.developing.strategic.prevention.plans.based.on.the.balance.and.interplay.

between.them.

. 3..Expand.social.norms.research.and.application.to.include.support.for.various.

laws.and.policies.designed.to.mitigate.the.harmful.effects.of.alcohol.abuse.

. 4..Frame.prevention.and.research.practices.that.embrace.the.complexity.of.alco- hol’s.role.in.society..Understanding.and.acknowledging.this.complex.culture.

will.help.foster.an.atmosphere.that.promotes.clear,.consistent.guidelines.and.

standards.concerning.alcohol.use.and.misuse.

. 5..Remove.cultural.cataracts..It.is.imperative.that.we.correct.our.faulty.views.

of. subpopulations. so. that. policies. and. actions. do. not. result. in. furthering.

misperceptions.and.encouraging.harm.

. 6..Avoid.possible.boomerang.effects.associated.with.fear-based.campaigns..Cre- ate.prevention.campaigns.based.on.research.demonstrating.the.effectiveness.

of.the.positive.approach.

References

Anderson,.H..“Mike’s.Hard.Lemonade.too.Easy.a.Sell.to.Underage.Drinkers.”.(February.

1999)..National.Consumer’s.League..Available.online.from.http://www.natlconsum- ersleague.org/pr2800alco.html..Retrieved.Oct..21,.2004.

Astroth,. K.. “I’m. Okay,. You’re. At. Risk:. Beyond. Ephebiphobia. and. Toward. Research.”.

Monograph on Youth in the 1990s.4.(1995).

Austin,. G.. A.. Perspectives on the History of Psychoactive Substance Use.. Rockville,. MD:.

National.Institute.of.Drug.Abuse,.1978.

Balko,.R..“Back.Door.to.Prohibition:.The.New.War.on.Social.Drinking.”.Policy Analysis.

501.(2003):.1–27.

Bandow,.D..The Politics of Science: the Federal Bureaucracy’s War on Social Drinking. Raleigh,.

NC:.John.Locke.Foundation,.Policy.Report.No..13,.1995.

Barr,. A.. Drink: A Social History of America. New. York:. Carrol. &. Graf. Publishers,. Inc.,.

1999.

Perceptions, Policies, and Social Norms  n 153

Beck,.K..H.,.and.K..A..Treiman..“The.Relationship.of.Social.Context.of.Drinking,.Per- ceived.Social.Norms,.and.Parental.Influence.to.Various.Drinking.Patterns.of.Adoles- cents.”.Addictive Behaviors.21:5.(1996):.633–44.

Berkowitz,.A..D..“From.Reactive.to.Proactive.Prevention:.Promoting.an.Ecology.of.Health.

on.Campus.”.In.A Handbook on Substance Abuse for College and University Personnel,.

edited.by.P.C..Rivers.and.E..Shore..Westport,.CT:.GreenWood.Press,.1997.

Berkowitz,.A..D..The.Social.Norms.Approach:.Theory,.Research,.and.Annotated.Bibliogra- phy..(August.2004)..Retrieved.Nov..19,.2004,.http://www.edc.org/hec/socialnorms/

theory..Retrieved.Nov..19,.2004.

Berkowitz,.A..D.,.and.H..W..Perkins..“Resident.Advisors.as.Role.Models:.A.Comparison.

of.Drinking.Patterns.of.Resident.Advisors.and.Their.Peers.”.Journal of College Student Personnel.27:2.(1986):.146–53.

Boccarro.. Nova. Scotia,. Canada:. Youth Research Unity,. Dalhousie. University. Halifax,.

29–37.

Bonnie,.R..J..and.M..E..O’Connell,.editors..“Reducing.Underage.Drinking:.A.Collective.

Responsibility.”.A.publication.of.the.Committee.on.Developing.a.Strategy.to.Reduce.

and.Prevent.Underage.Drinking..Commissioned.by.the.National.Research,.2004.

Bostrom,. M.. (2000).. Teenhood:. Understanding. Attitudes. toward. Those. Transitioning.

from.Childhood.to.Adulthood,.in.S..Bales.(Ed.).Reframing Youth Issues,.Washington,.

D.C.:.Working.Papers,.Frameworks.Institute.and.Center.for.Communications.and.

Community,.UCLA.

Botvin,.G..J.,.et.al..“Preventing.Binge.Drinking.During.Early.Adolescence:.One-.and.Two- Year.Follow-Up.of.a.School-Based.Preventive.Intervention.”.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.15.(2001):.360–5.

Cahalan,.D..An Ounce of Prevention: Strategies for Solving Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Prob- lems. San.Francisco:.Jossey-Bass.Publishers,.1991.

Carroll,.T..E.,.and.R..Donovan..“Alcohol.Marketing.on.the.Internet:.New.Challenge.for.

Harm.Reduction.”.Drug and Alcohol Review.21.(2002):.83–91.

Cialdini,.R..B..“Crafting.normative.messages.to.protect.the.environment.”.Current Direc- tions in Psychological Science.12:4.(2003):.105–9.

Clapp,.J..D..and.A..L..McDonnell..“The.Relationship.of.Perceptions.of.Alcohol.Promo- tion.and.Peer.Drinking.Norms.to.Alcohol.Problems.Reported.by.College.Students.”.

Journal of College Student Development.41:1.(2000):.20–6.

Council.and.the.Institute.of.Medicine.of.the.National.Academies..The.National.Academies.

Press..Washington,.D.C.

D’Amico,.E..J.,.et.al..“Progression.Into.and.Out.of.Binge.Drinking.Among.High.School.

Students.”.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.15.(2001):.341–9.

Dorfman,.L.,.and.V..Schiraldi..“Off.Balance:.Youth,.Race.&.Crime.in.the.News.”.U.S..

Department.of.Justice.Report..Building.Blocks.for.Youth,.2001.

Engs,.R..C.,.editor..Controversies in the Addiction’s Field: Volume One..A.publication.of.the.

American.Council.on.Alcoholism..Dubuque,.IA:.Kendall/Hunt.Publishing.Com- pany,.1990.

Fosdick,.R.,.A..Scott,.and.J..D..Rockefeller,.Jr..Toward Liquor Control..New.York:.Harper.

&.Brothers.Publishers,.1933.

Fox,.E..Power Through Constructive Thinking..San.Francisco:.Harper,.1932:.7.

Glassner,.B..The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things..New.York:.

Basic.Books,.1999.

Goldberg,.M..E.,.G..J..Gorn,.and.A..M..Lavack..“Product.Innovation.and.Teenage.Alcohol.

Consumption:.The.Case.of.Wine.Coolers.”.Journal of Public Policy & Marketing.13:2.

(1994):.218–27.

Goldberg,.R.,.editor..Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Drugs and Soci- ety..Sixth.edition..Guilford,.CT:.McGraw-Hill/Dushkin,.2004.

Haines,.M..P..A Social Norms Approach to Preventing Binge Drinking at Colleges and Uni- versities. Newton,.MA:.Higher.Education.Center.for.Alcohol.and.Other.Drug.Pre- vention,.1996.

Haines,.M..P.,.G..P..Barker,.and.R..Rice..“Using.Social.Norms.to.Reduce.Alcohol.and.

Tobacco.Use.in.Two.Midwestern.High.Schools.”.In.The Social Norms Approach to Pre- venting School and College Age Substance Abuse: A Handbook for Educators, Counselors, Clinicians,.edited.by.H..W..Perkins..San.Francisco:.Jossey-Bass,.2003.

Hawkins,.D..J.,.and.R.F..Catalano,.R.F..Jr..and.Associates..Communities That Care. San.

Francisco:.Jossey-Bass.Publishers,.1992.

Howe,. N.,. and. W.. Strauss.. Millenials Rising: The Next Generation. New. York:. Vintage.

Books,.2000.

Jeffrey,.L..P.,.P..Negro,.D.S..Miller,.and.J.D..Frisone..The Rowan University Social Norms project. The Social Norms Approach To Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse..San.Francisco:.Jossey-Bass,.2003.

Johannessen,.K.,.C..Collins,.B..Mills-Novoa,.and.P..Glider..A Practical Guide to Alcohol Abuse Prevention: A Campus Case Study in Implementing Social Norms and Environ- mental Management Approaches..Tucson:.Campus.Health.Service,.University.of.Ari- zona,.1999.

Join. Together. Online.. County. Set. to. Ban. Alcohol. Vapor. Machines.. (2004). Available.

online.at.http://www.jointogether.org/sa/news/summaries/reader/0,1854,574757,00.

html..Retrieved.October.30,.2004.

Kelly,.K..J.,.M..D..Slater,.and.D..Karan..“Image.Advertisements’.Influence.on.Adolescents.

Perception. of. the. Desirability. of. Beer. and. Cigarettes.”. Journal of Public Policy &

Marketing.21:2.(2002):.295–304.

Klitzner,.M.,.and.K..Stewart..“Factors.that.Facilitate.and.Impeded.Community.Planning.

to.Address.Drug.and.Alcohol.Issues.”.Paper.presented.at.the.50th.anniversary.meet- ing.of.the.American.Society.of.Criminology,.San.Francisco,.CA,.1991.

Korcuska,.J..S.,.and.D..L..Thombs..“Gender.Role.Conflicts.and.Sex-Specific.Drinking.

Norms:.Relationships.to.Alcohol.Use.in.Undergraduate.Women.and.Men.”.Journal of College Student Development.44:2.(2003):.204–15.

Kypri,.K.,.and.J..D..Langley..“Perceived.Social.Norms.and.Their.Relation.to.University.

Student.Drinking.”.Journal of Studies on Alcohol.64.(2003):.829–34.

Langton,.P..A..The Social World of Drugs. St..Paul,.MN:.West.Publishing.Co.,.1996.

Ledermann,.S..“Ledermann.Hypothesis.in.Alcohol,.Alcoholism,.Alcoholization.”.In.Drink:

A Social History of America,.edited.by Barr,.A..New.York:.Carrol.&.Graf.Publishers,.

Inc.,.1956.

Lee,.T..Alcopops.Fuel.Underage-Drinking.Battle.(2002)..Available.online.from.SouthCoast Today:. http://www.s-t.com/daily/03-02/03-10-02/d06bu128.htm.. Retrieved. Octo- ber.20,.2004.

Perceptions, Policies, and Social Norms  n 155

Lewis,. M.. A.,. and. C.. Neighbors.. “Gender-Specific. Misperceptions. of. College. Student.

Drinking.Norms.”. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2004.. Vol.. 18,. NO.. 4,.

334–339.

Linkenbach,.J..W..“Application.of.Social.Norms.Marketing.to.a.Variety.of.Health.Issues.”.

Wellness Management.15:3.(1999):.7–8.

Linkenbach,.J..W..“Cultural.Cataracts:.Identifying.and.Correcting.Misperceptions.in.the.

Media—the.Report.on.Social.Norms.”.(Working.Paper.#1.).Garfield,.NJ:.PaperClip.

Communications,.2001.

Linkenbach,.J..W.,.and.H..W..Perkins.(2005)..“MOST.of.us.Prevent.Drinking.and.Driv- ing:.A.Successful.Social.Norms.Campaign.to.Reduce.Driving.after.Drinking.among.

Young.Adults.in.Western.Montana.”.A.publication.of.the.U.S..National.Highway.

Traffic.Safety.Administration—U.S..Department.of.Transportation..DOT.HS.809.

69.

Linkenbach,.J..W.,.and.H..W..Perkins..“Misperceptions.of.Peer.Alcohol.Norms.in.a.State- wide.Survey.of.Young.Adults.”.In.The Social Norms Approach To Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse,.edited.by.H..W..Perkins..San.Francisco:.Jossey-Bass,.

2003a,.173–81.

Linkenbach,.J..W.,.and.H..W..Perkins..“MOST.of.Us.Are.Tobacco.Free:.An.Eight-Month.

Social.Norms.Campaign.Reducing.Youth.Initiation.of.Smoking.in.Montana.”.In.The Social Norms Approach To Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse, edited.

by.H..W..Perkins..San.Francisco:.Jossey-Bass,.2003b,.224–34.

Malenfant,.L.,.J..Wells,.R..Van.Houten,.and.A..Williams..“The.Use.of.Feedback.Signs.to.

Increase.Observed.Daytime.Seat.Belt.Use.in.Two.Cities.in.North.Carolina.”.Accident Analysis and Prevention.28:6.(1996):.771–7.

Males,.M..The Scapegoat Generation: America’s War on Adolescents. Monroe,.ME:.Common.

Courage.Press,.1996.

Males,.M..Framing Youth: 10 Myths About the Next Generation..Monroe,.ME:.Common.

Courage.Press,.1999.

Marks,.G.,.J..W..Graham,.and.W..B..Hansen..“Social.Projection.and.Social.Conformity.in.

Adolescent.Alcohol.Use:.A.Longitudinal.Analysis.”.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.18:1.(1992):.96–101.

Mattern,.J..M..and.C..Neighbors..“Social.Norms.Campaigns:.Examining.the.Relationship.

Between.Changes.in.Perceived.Norms.and.Changes.in.Drinking.Levels.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:5.(2004):.489–93.

NIH.News—National.Institutes.of.Health..“Panel.Finds.that.Scare.Tactics.for.Preven- tion. are. Harmful:. Good. News. Is. That. Positive. Approaches. Show. Promise.”. Press.

release:.October.15,.2004,.NIH..Available.online.from.http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/

oct2004/od-15.htm..Retrieved.October.26,.2004.

Olds,.R..S.,.and.J..M..Eddy..“Negative. Health.Messages.in.Schools.” Journal of School Health.56:8.(1986):.334–6.

Page,.R..M.,.A..Scanlan,.and.L..Gilbert..“Relationship.of.the.Estimation.of.Binge-Drink- ing.Among.College.Students.and.Personal.Participation.in.Binge.Drinking:.Implica- tions.for.Health.Education.and.Promotion.”.Health Education.30.(1999):.98–103.

Perkins,.H..W.,.ed..The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Sub- stance Abuse..San.Francisco:.Jossey-Bass,.2003.

Perkins,.H..W..“Parental.Religion.and.Alcohol.Use.Problems.as.Intergenerational.Predic- tors.of.Problem.Drinking.Among.College.Youth.”.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 26:3.(1987):.340–57.

Perkins,. H.. W.. “Religious. Traditions,. Parents,. and. Peers. as. Determinants. of. Alcohol.

and.Drug.Use.Among.College.Students.”.Review of Religious Research.27:1.(1985):.

15–31.

Perkins,.H..W..“Social.Norms.and.the.Prevention.of.Alcohol.Misuse.in.Collegiate.Con- texts.”.Journal of Studies on Alcohol,.Supplement.14.(2002):.164–72.

Perkins,.H..W.,.and.A..D..Berkowitz..“Perceiving.the.Community.Norms.of.Alcohol.Use.

Among.Students:.Some.Research.Implications.for.Campus.Alcohol.Education.Pro- gramming.”.International Journal of the Addictions 21.(1986):.961–76.

Perkins,.H..W.,.and.D..A..Craig..A Multifaceted Social Norms Approach to Reduce High-Risk Drinking: Lessons from Hobart and William Smith Colleges.. Newton,. MA:. Higher.

Education.Center.for.Alcohol.and.Other.Drug.Prevention,.2002.

Perkins,.H..W.,.and.D..A..Craig..“The.Imaginary.Lives.of.Peers:.Patterns.of.Substance.Use.

and. Misperceptions. of. Norms. Among. Secondary. School. Students.”. In. The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse: A Handbook for Educators, Counselors, Clinicians,.edited.by.H..W..Perkins..San.Francisco:.Jossey- Bass,.2003.

Perkins,.H..W.,.and.H..Wechsler..“Variation.in.Perceived.College.Drinking.Norms.and.Its.

Impact.on.Alcohol.Abuse:.A.Nationwide.Study.”.Journal of Drug Issues.26:4.(1996):.

961–74.

Prentice,.D..A.,.and.D..T..Miller..“Pluralistic.Ignorance.and.Alcohol.Use.on.Campus:.Some.

Consequences.of.Misperceiving.the.Social.Norm.”.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64:2.(1993):.243–56.

Posner,.E..A..Law and Social Norms. Cambridge,.MA:.Harvard.University.Press,.2000.

Rampton,.S.,.and.Stauber,.J..Trust Us, We’re the Experts..New.York:.Jeremy.P..Tarcher/Put- nam,.2001.

Ray,.O.,.and.C..Ksir. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. Boston:.WCB/McGraw-Hill.

Publishers,.1999.

Rice,.R..“An.Overview.of.the.2003.National.Conference.on.the.Social.Norms.Model.”.The.

Report.on.Social.Norms:.Working.Paper.#.7,.p..3,.Little.Falls,.NJ:.PaperClip.Com- munications,.2003.

Rothstein,.R..“Lessons:.of.Schools,.and.Crime.and.Gross.Exaggeration.”.New York Times.

7.February.2001.

Saffer,.H.,.and.D..Dave..“Alcohol.Consumption.and.Alcohol.Advertising.Bans.”.Applied Economics 34:11.(2002):.1325–35.

Sher,.K.,.E..D..Bartholow,.and.S..Nanda..“Short-.and.Long-Term.Effects.of.Fraternity.and.

Sorority.Membership.on.Heavy.Drinking:.A.Social.Norms.Perspective.”.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.15.(2001):.42–51.

Skiba,.R..“Zero.Tolerance,.Zero.Evidence:.An.Analysis.of.School.Disciplinary.Practice.”.

#SRS2.of.Policy.Research.Report..Indiana.Education.Policy.Center,.2000.

Skrabanek,.P..The Death of Humane Medicine and the Rise of Coercive Healthism..Bury.St..

Edmunds,.Suffolk,.UK:.194.p..188.

Steffian,.G..“Correction.of.Normative.Misperceptions:.An.Alcohol.Abuse.Prevention.Pro- gram.”.Journal of Drug Education.29:2.(1999):.115–38.

Perceptions, Policies, and Social Norms  n 157

Stokols,.D..“Establishing.and.Maintaining.Healthy.Environments.”.American Psychology 47.1992:.6–22.

Stone,.N..(1995)..The Wine Spectator..August.31,.1995,.p..57.

Svendsen,.R..Chemical Health: A Planning Guide for Congregations in Response to Alcohol and Other Drug Issues. A.publication.of.the.Division.for.Life.and.Mission.in.the.Con- gregation.of.the.American.Lutheran.Church,.1986:.8.

Thich.Nhat.Hanh..Going Home: Jesus and Buddha as Brothers..New.York:.Riverhead.Books,.

1999:.74.

Thombs,.D..L..“Alcohol.and.Motor.Vehicle.Use:.Profiles.of.Drivers.and.Passengers.”.Ameri- can Journal of Health and Behavior 23.(1999):.13–24.

Thombs,.D..L.,.B..J..Wolcott,.and.L..G..Farkash..“Social.Context,.Perceived.Norms.and.

Drinking.Behavior.in.Young.People.”.Journal of Substance Abuse.9.(1997):.257–67.

Trockel,.M.,.S..Williams,.and.J..Reis..“Considerations.for.More.Effective.Social.Norms.

Based.Alcohol.Education.on.Campus:.An.Analysis.of.Different.Theoretical.Concep- tualizations.in.Predicting.Drinking.Among.Fraternity.Men.”.Journal of Studies on Alcohol.64.(2003):.550–9.

United.States.Federal.Trade.Commission..Alcohol.and.Advertising:.A.Report.to.Congress.

2003..Available.online.from.www.ftc.gov.

University.of.Michigan..University of Michigan Survey Regarding Alcohol and Other Drugs..

UM.Initiative.on.Alcohol.and.Other.Drugs,.Ann.Arbor,.MI,.1993.

Wallack,.L..“Media.Advocacy:.A.Strategy.for.Empowering.People.and.Communities.”.In.

Community Organizing and Community Building for Health,.edited.by.M..Minkler..

New.Brunswick,.NJ:.Rutgers.University.Press,.1997:.339–52.

Whitman,.D..G..Strange Brew: Alcohol and Government Monopoly..Oakland,.CA:.A.Publi- cation.of.the.Independent.Institute.3.(2003).

Wine.and.Spirits.Wholesalers.of.America.(WSWA)..The History of the Three-Tier System 1999..Available.online.from.www.wswa.org/whole/history.htm

drinking among college youth, prevention models, recent discussions in neurobiol- ogy and epidemiology, and evidence from community change initiatives.

Dalam dokumen Social and Economic Control of Alcohol (Halaman 175-183)