BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.2 Saran
1.Pada penelitian lebih lanjut disarankan agar membandingkan dengan dosis yang bervariasi sehingga mendapatkan hasil yang lebih maksimal.
2.Pada penelitian lebih lanjut disarankan agar lebih memaksimalkan atau menambah jumlah sampel dan jangkauan waktu penelitian lebih panjang atau lama.
3.Pada penelitian lebih lanjut disarankan agar mengkaitkan dengan faktor- faktor yang bisa menyebabkan kadar kolesterol penurunan HDL dan meningkatkan LDL.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Wirawati IA. Pemeriksaan Profil Lipid. Pemeriksaan Profil Lipid. Published online 2018:26.
2. Aswania GM, Yasmin AAADA. Dislipidemia sebagai prediktor kejadian kardiovaskular mayor pada pasien infark miokard akut. J Med Udayana.
2020;9(11):91-100.
https://ocs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eum/article/view/71028
3. WHO. Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs). World Health Organization. 2019.
4. Kemenkes RI. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Kementrian Kesehat RI. 2018;53(9):1689-1699.
5. Stenly M, Afiah ASN, Sun DM. Gambaran profil lipid pada penderita penyakit jantung koroner di rumah sakit umum daerah Dr. H. Chasan Boesoirie Ternate. Kieraha Med J. 2019;1(1):54-59.
6. Citra Trisartiaka R, Agustina F, Al-Ma’ AK, Baturaja A. Babul Ilmi_Jurnal Ilmiah Multi Science Kesehatan Hubungan Pengetahuan Dan Kepatuhan Lansia Dalam Upaya Pengontrolan Kadar Kolesterol. 2022;14(1):100-108.
https://jurnal.stikes-aisyiyah-palembang.ac.id/index.php/Kep/article/view/
7. Bull E, Morrell J, Yasmine E. Kolesterol = Simple guide cholesterol / Eleanor Bull, Jonathan Morrell ; alih bahasa, Elizabeth Yasmine. Published online 2007:1-2.
8. Kusuma IW, Kuspradini H, Arung ET, et al. Biological Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Three Indonesian Medicinal Plants, Murraya koenigii, Syzygium polyanthum and Zingiber purpurea. JAMS J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(1):75-79. doi:10.1016/S2005-2901(11)60010-1 9. Nurhasanah N, Shabrina Karismawati A, Dewanti Widyaningsih T, et al. Uji
Aktivitas Antidislipidemia In Vivo Fraksi Ekstrak Daun Salam (Eugenia polyantha) pada Tikus Galur Wistar yang diinduksi Diet Tinggi Lemak.
EjournalUnsriAcId.2015;3(2):511-522.
10. Agoes A, Name P. Tanaman Obat Indonesia Buku 1 Tentang Kami
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Pencarian. Published online 2022:1-2.
11. Muflikhatur R S, Rahayuningsih HM. Perbedaan Pengaruh Antara Ekstrak Dan Rebusan Daun Salam (Eugenia polyantha) Dalam Pencegahan Peningkatan Kadar Kolesterol Total Pada Tikus Sprague Dawley. J Nutr Coll. 2014;3(1):142-149. doi:10.14710/jnc.v3i1.4542
12. Rahman S, Pulungan AL, Bojang KS. The Impact of Blood Glucose Levels on Acid-Fast Bacteria Conversion in Tuberculosis Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. MAGNA MEDICA Berk Ilm Kedokt dan Kesehat. 2022;9(2):120.
doi:10.26714/magnamed.9.2.2022.120-127
13. Arsana PM, Rosandi R, Manaf A, Budhiarta A, Hikmat Permana. Panduan Pengelolaan Dislipidemi di Indonesia 2015. Pb Perkeni. Published online 2015:4. doi:10.1002/bit.22430
14. Mastria A, Adyaksa G. Hubungan Persentase Lemak Tubuh Dengan Total Body Water Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. J Kedokt Diponegoro. 2014;3(1):105714.
15. Jim EL. Metabolisme Lipoprotein. J Biomedik. 2014;5(3).
doi:10.35790/jbm.5.3.2013.4335
16. Rahman S, Santika K. Causative Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patiens with Hemodialysis Therapy. KEMAS 18 (1) (2022) 114-121
17. Agung LR. Pengaruh Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) Terhadap Kadar Trigliserida Dan Kolesterol Total Darah Pada Penderita Dislipidemia. J Ilm Kesehat Sandi Husada. 2021;10(2):408-412. doi:10.35816/jiskh.v10i2.617 18. Utami, P., & Puspaningtyas, D. E. (2013). The Miracle of Herbs. Jakarta: PT
AgroMedia Pustaka. Taksonomi
19. Badan POM RI. (2007). Acuan Sediaan Herbal, Vol. 3, Edisi I. Jakarta:
DirektoratObatAsli Indonesia, Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia
20. Rahman S, Pradido R. The anxiety symptoms among chronic kidney disease patients who undergo hemodialysis therapy. Int J Public Heal Sci.
21. BPJS. (2015). Panduan praktis PROLANIS (Program pengelolaan penyakit kronis). In BPJS Kesehatan. Jakarta: badan penyelenggara jaminan sosial
kesehatan.
22. Rahman S. Ramadan Fasting and its Health Benefits: What’s New? Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10(E):1329-1342.
doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9508
23. Beame AD, Krauss M. Find a copy in the library. Published online 2016:12.
24. Kepmenkes RI, 2009, Farmakope Herbal Indonesia, Edisi Pertama, Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 157-158
25. Siregar FA, Makmur T. Metabolisme Lipid Dalam Tubuh. J Inov Kesehat Masy. 2020;1(2):60-65.
26. Usharani P, Merugu PL, Nutalapati C. Evaluation of the effects of a standardized aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and lipid profile in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):97.
Published 2019 May 6. doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2509-5
27. Rahman S, Al Anas M. Treatment of Adult Intussusception with Non- operative Management: A case report. Published online 2019.Vol 6 No 1 28. Krinke. 2005. Adult Nutrition in : Nutrition Through the Life Cycle. Edited
bt Brown et al. Wadsworth Group Thomson Learning. USA
29. Suiraoka, I.P. 2012. Penyakit Degeneratif. Yogyakarta : Nuha Medika 30. Prianwari C, Syafril S. The Relationship Between Lipoprotein (A) And Lipid
Profile In Patients Treated With Bay Leaf Extract [Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp] In Patients Dyslipidemia. J Endocrinol Trop Med Infect Dis.
2020;2(4):183-188. doi:10.32734/jetromi.v2i4.4780
31. Riansari, Anugrah. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Salam (Eugenia Polyantha) terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Serum Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. {Artikel Penelitian}. Semarang (Indonesia) : Universitas Diponegoro; 2008
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LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN 1 DATA DIRI RESPONDEN
DATA DIRI RESPONDEN PENELITIAN
Nama/No :
Tempat/tanggal lahir :
Status :
Pendidikan terakhir :
Pekerjaan :
Alamat :
Nomor telepon : Riwayat penyakit : Riwayat pengobatan :
LAMPIRAN 2 INFORMED CONSENT
LEMBAR INFORMED CONSENT (PERSETUJUAN RESPONDEN)
Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini :
Nama :
Alamat :
Umur :
Sudah memahami penjelasan dari peneliti dan menyatakan bersedia dengan sukarela dan tanpa paksaan menjadi responden dari penelitian.
Nama : Alwi Friendly Tarigan
Instansi : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara
Dengan judul “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Salam Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol HDL dan LDL Pada Pasien Prolanis”
Peneliti Responden
Alwi Friendly Tarigan (……….)
40
LAMPIRAN 3 LEMBAR ETIK DAN SURAT KETERANGAN
LAMPIRAN 4 SURAT SELESAI PENELITIAN
42
LAMPIRAN 5 DATA RESPONDEN
LAMPIRAN 6 HASIL UJI SPSS
UJI ANALISA UNIVARIAT (KARAKTERISTIK RESPONDEN) Jenis Kelamin Eksperimen
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Laki-laki 6 31.6 31.6 31.6
Perempuan 13 68.4 68.4 100.0
Total 19 100.0 100.0
Jenis Kelamin Kontrol
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Laki-laki 5 26.3 26.3 26.3
Perempuan 14 73.7 73.7 100.0
Total 19 100.0 100.0
Usia Eksperimen
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid 50 - 65 Tahun 9 47.4 47.4 47.4
66 - 75 Tahun 7 36.8 36.8 84.2
> 75 Tahun 3 15.8 15.8 100.0
Total 19 100.0 100.0
Usia Kontrol
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid 50 - 65 Tahun 11 57.9 57.9 57.9
66 - 75 Tahun 7 36.8 36.8 94.7
> 75 Tahun 1 5.3 5.3 100.0
Total 19 100.0 100.0
44
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Pre HDL Eksperimen 19 36 49 40.37 3.833
Post HDL Eksperimen 19 37 46 40.11 2.536
Pre LDL Eksperimen 19 68 195 119.58 34.394
Post LDL Eksperimen 19 68 173 130.63 29.538
Valid N (listwise) 19
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Pre HDL Kontrol 19 36 47 41.21 3.691
Post HDL Kontrol 19 36 52 42.42 4.286
Pre LDL Kontrol 19 93 198 138.79 30.758
Post LDL Kontrol 19 99 189 147.16 26.285
Valid N (listwise) 19
UJI NORMALITAS
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Pre HDL Eksperimen .324 19 .000 .812 19 .002
Post HDL Eksperimen .353 19 .000 .823 19 .003
Pre LDL Eksperimen .173 19 .137 .932 19 .190
Post LDL Eksperimen .177 19 .120 .931 19 .183
Pre HDL Kontrol .216 19 .020 .881 19 .022
Post HDL Kontrol .149 19 .200* .928 19 .162
Pre LDL Kontrol .132 19 .200* .950 19 .396
Post LDL Kontrol .172 19 .139 .943 19 .304
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
UJI ANALISA BIVARIAT
UJI BERDASARKAN JENIS KELAMIN Test Statistics HDL eksperimen
Post HDL Eksperimen - Pre HDL Eksperimen
Z -.246b
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .806
a. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test b. Based on positive ranks.
Test StatisticsHDL kontrol
Post HDL Kontrol - Pre HDL Kontrol
Z -1.314b
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .189
a. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test b. Based on negative ranks.
Test StatisticsLDL eksperimen
Post LDL Eksperimen - Pre
LDL Eksperimen
Z -.915b
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .360
a. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test b. Based on negative ranks.
Test StatisticsLDL kontrol
Post LDL Kontrol - Pre LDL Kontrol
Z -.986b
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .324
a. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test b. Based on negative ranks.
Test StatisticsJenis kelamin perempuan
HDL
Mann-Whitney U 89.500
Wilcoxon W 194.500
Z -.073
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .942
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .943b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok Perempuan b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsJenis kelamin laki-laki
HDL
Mann-Whitney U 14.500
Wilcoxon W 29.500
Z -.091
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .927 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .931b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok Laki-laki b. Not corrected for ties.
46
UJI BERDASARKAN USIA
Test StatisticsLDL usia 67-77
LDL
Mann-Whitney U 19.000
Wilcoxon W 47.000
Z -1.042
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .297 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .336b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok 67-77 b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsJenis kelamin laki-laki
LDL
Mann-Whitney U 9.000
Wilcoxon W 24.000
Z -1.095
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .273 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .329b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok Laki-laki b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsJenis kelamin perempuan
LDL
Mann-Whitney U 79.500
Wilcoxon W 170.500
Z -.558
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .577 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .583b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok Laki-laki b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsLDL usia 45-55
LDL
Mann-Whitney U 1.000
Wilcoxon W 4.000
Z .000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] 1.000b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok 45-55 b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsLDL usia 56-66
LDL
Mann-Whitney U 26.000
Wilcoxon W 71.000
Z -.963
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .336 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .370b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok 56-66 b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsHDL usia 67-77
HDL
Mann-Whitney U 22.500
Wilcoxon W 58.500
Z -1.002
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .316 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .328b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok 67-77 b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsHDL usia 45-55
HDL
Mann-Whitney U 1.000
Wilcoxon W 4.000
Z .000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] 1.000b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok 45-55 b. Not corrected for ties.
Test StatisticsHDL usia 56-66
HDL
Mann-Whitney U 30.000
Wilcoxon W 66.000
Z -.591
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .555 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .606b a. Grouping Variable: kelompok 56-66 b. Not corrected for ties.
48
LAMPIRAN 7 FOTO KEGIATAN
LAMPIRAN 9 ARTIKEL
THE EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION OF SALAM LEAF EXTRACT (EUGENIA POLYANTHA) ON HDL AND LDL COLESTEROL LEVELS IN
PROLANIS PATIENTS AT IMAN CLINIC Alwi Friendly Tarigan1, Shahrul Rahman2
1Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
2Internal Medicine Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT
Introduction: Lipids are a component of micro-substance molecules in the body, lipids function as structural components in cell membranes and the results of lipid metabolism can also be used as a source of energy for the body. Lipid levels in the blood can be measured by examining blood lipid profiles, consisting of total cholesterol, triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). Objective: To analyze the effect of bay leaf extract on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in Prolanis patients at faith clinic. Methods: This study used an experimental study with the pretest and posttest methods where the sample used was 38 samples which were divided into the experimental group and the control group. The sample is the elderly (> 45 years) who take part in the chronic disease program at the Martubung Iman Clinic. Results: The results of this study showed that the average effect on HDL cholesterol levels was 40.37 mg/dL pretest and 40.11 mg/dL posttest, LDL cholesterol levels found an average value of 119.58 mg/dL pretest and posttest 130.63 mg/dL in the experimental group, whereas in the control group it was found that the effect of giving the extract on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels was not significant. The significance value based on the Wilcoxon statistical test was 0.461 for HDL cholesterol levels and 0.953 for LDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion:
There is no effect of bay leaf extract (Eugenia Polyantha) on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in prolanis patients at the Iman clinic.
Keywords: Lipid, Bay Leaf, HDL and LDL Cholesterol Levels
51
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Lipid adalah suatu komponen molekul zat mikro yang ada di dalam tubuh, lipid berfungsi sebagai komponen struktural dalam membran sel dan hasil metabolisme lipid juga dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi bagi tubuh.
Kadar lipid di darah dapat diukur dengan pemeriksaan profil lipid darah, terdiri dari kolesterol total, trigliserida, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) dan Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). Objektif:
Menganalisa pengaruh ekstrak daun salam terhadap kadar kolesterol HDL dan LDL pada pasien Prolanis di klinik iman. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimen dengan metode pretest dan postest dimana sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 38 sampel yang dibagi atas kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol.
Sampel merupakan lansia (>45 tahun) yang mengikuti program penyakit kronis di Klinik Iman Martubung. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata pengaruh terhadap kadar kolesterol HDL pretest 40,37 mg/dL dan posttest 40,11 mg/dL, pada kadar kolesterol LDL dijumpai rata-rata nilai sebesar pretest 119,58 mg/dL dan posttest 130,63 mg/dL pada kelompok eksperimen, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol dijumpai pengaruh pemeberian ekstrak terhdap kadar kolesterol HDL dan LDL yang tidak signifikan. Nilai signifikansi berdasarkan uji statistik Wilcoxon sebesar 0,461 pada kadar kolesterol HDL dan 0,953 pada kadar kolesterol LDL. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh ekstrak daun salam (Eugenia Polyantha) terhadap kadar kolesterol HDL dan LDL pada pseien prolanis di klinik Iman.
Kata Kunci: Lipid, Daun Salam, Kadar Kolesterol HDL dan LDL
Lipids are a component of micro- substance molecules in the body, lipids function as structural components in cell membranes and the results of lipid metabolism can also be used as a source of energy for the body. Lipid levels in the blood can be measured by examining blood lipid profiles, consisting of total cholesterol, triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL).
Hypercholesterolemia is an increase in total and LDL cholesterol levels as a result of not being compensated for by HDL. A condition of abnormal lipids in the blood characterized by decreased levels of HDL and increased levels of LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol is called dyslipidemia.
Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors that will cause the accumulation or formation of plaque in the blood vessels (atherosclerosis) which leads to cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and the worst complications can result in death.1,2 Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the world. It is estimated that the mortality rate is around 17.9 million people which represents 32% of deaths in the world.3 Based on Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) data for 2018, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease cases in Indonesia is 1.5%, with the highest cases in North Kalimantan Province (2.2%) and the lowest in East Nusa Tenggara Province (0.7%) and then followed by Aceh (1.6%), West Sumatra (1.6%), DKI Jakarta (1.9%), West Java (1.6%), Central Java (1.6%), Kalimantan East (1.9%), North Sulawesi (1.8%), Central Sulawesi (1.9%), DIY (2%), and in North Sumatra province (1.33%) with prevalence in urban areas (1 .40%) and rural (1.25%).4
It is known that this prevalence increases with increasing age. In 2020 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the cardiovascular diseases which is the biggest
Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) in 2018, in Indonesia the prevalence of increasing total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and decreasing HDL regularly is 43%, 26% and 83%, and 23%.5
Cholesterol is defined as a fatty substance found in the blood which is produced in the liver with important functions for the body's needs. There are two types of cholesterol produced, namely HDL and LDL cholesterol. Excessive amounts of LDL cholesterol in the blood will settle on the walls of blood vessels and form clots which can lead to blockage of blood vessels. While HDL cholesterol has the function of cleaning blood vessels from excessive LDL cholesterol.6
There are several ways to treat HDL and LDL cholesterol in the blood, namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological.7 Pharmacological treatment can be treated with cholesterol-lowering drugs, while non- pharmacological treatment can be done by consuming herbal medicines or natural ingredients such as plant extracts.7
One of the traditional plants that can be used is bay leaf (Eugenia polyantha). Based on the results of research on the Biological Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Three Indonesian Medicinal Plants, Eugenia polyantha contains tannins, gallates, galocatechins, flavonoids, saponins, and essential oils (Sesquiterpenes).8 Flavonoid compounds have properties as anti-oxidants which can prevent lipid peroxidation.9 On the other hand, alkoloid compounds in bay leaves can also inhibit the activity of the lipase pranaeas enzyme. Saponins can also help lower cholesterol levels and reduce fat accumulation in blood vessels.10 Bay leaf extract and bay leaf decoction have been proven by previous research that bay leaf extract and bay leaf decoction can prevent the rate of decrease in HDL cholesterol levels.
Based on the results of research in the Journal of Nutrition College, Volume 3, explained
53
that the flavonoid content in bay leaf extract is higher than bay leaf decoction. This is because extraction can remove unwanted compounds so that more of the desired compounds or nutrients are obtained.11 Based on the description above, researchers are interested in testing the effectiveness of bay leaves (Eugenia polyantha) on HDL- and LDL- cholesterol levels in prolanis patients at the iman clinic.
METHODS
This type of research is quantitative research, using an experimental design. The research design used was a non-equivalent control group design, i.e. a research conducted by examining the pre-test (01) in both groups, and followed by intervention (X) in the experimental group.
The flow of this study was the group used by the research group (experimental group), namely the pre-test (01) then continued with the treatment (x), namely by giving bay leaf extract after that, the HDL and LDL levels were checked again as post-test data. (02), the control group was given a placebo and HDL and LDL cholesterol levels were measured after and before being given the placebo (pre test-post test).
The sample in this study totaled 38 samples who were Prolanis patients at the Iman Clinic, Medan Labuhan District, Medan City in 2022, with age criteria > 45 years. The data collected in this study is primary data, namely data taken directly through a tool, namely a spectrophotometer which will be carried out in the laboratory with blood samples from the median cubital vein, on the anterior arm (inside of the elbow fold) using a syringe. As well as the respondent's data recapitulation sheet which contains the name, age, gender and results of measurements of HDL and LDL cholesterol levels before and after administration of bay leaf extract.
Data processing was carried out using statistical tests, both univariate and bivariate.
The test used to find out whether the distribution of data is normal or not, the
researcher used Shapiro-Wilk because the data was <50, after the data normalization test was carried out with the Shapiro-Wilk test it was found that the data had an abnormal distribution, so the researcher conducted an analysis using the pared t test, using the Wilcoxon and Mann-withney alternative tests.
RESULTS
Table 1. Characteristics by Age of Respondents
Group Age n (%) P
value Experiment
50-65 9 47,4%
0,397 66-75
>75
7 3
36,8%
15,8%
Control
50-65 11 57,9%
66-75
>75
7 1
36,8%
5,3%
Total 38 100%
Based on table 1, it can be seen that based on age, the majority of respondents were included in the 50-65 category for the experimental group, namely 9 respondents (47.4%) and 11 respondents for the control group (57.9%). Furthermore, the age of 66-75 for the experimental group was 7 respondents (36.8%) and as many as 7 respondents for the control group (36.8%). And finally, age > 75 for the experimental group, namely 3 respondents (15.8%) and 1 respondent for the control group (5.3%). The total number of samples is 38 people. After the statistical test was carried out, the p value showed a value of 0.397 (p> 0.05), so it could be concluded that there was no age difference in the experimental group and the control group.
Table 2. Characteristics of Respondents Based on Gender
Group Sex n (%) P
value Experiment
Laki-laki 6 31,6%
0,724 Perempuan 13 68,4%
Control
Laki-laki 5 26,3%
Perempuan 14 73,7%
majority of respondents were included in the female category for the experimental group, namely 13 respondents (68.4%) and as many as 14 respondents for the control group (73.7%). And then in the male category for the experimental group, there were 6 respondents (31.6%) and as many as 5 respondents for the control group (26.3%). After the statistical test was carried out, the p value showed a value of 0.724 (p> 0.05), so it could be concluded that there was no difference in sex in the experimental group and the control group.
Table 3. Average Distribution of Respondents Based on HDL Cholesterol
Pre - Test Post – Test P value Group Mean ±
SD
Mean ± SD Control
HDL
41,21 ± 3,69
42,42 ± 4,29
0,189 Experiment
HDL
40,37 ± 3,83
40,11 ± 2,53
0,806
Based on table 3, the average HDL cholesterol results in prolanis patients were obtained, in the respondents with the pre-test control group, the average HDL cholesterol value was 41.21 mg/dL and the post-test control group was 42.42 mg/dL. The average HDL cholesterol in patients with the pre-test experimental group obtained a value of 40.37 mg/dL and the post-test experimental group 40.11 mg/dL. The P value based on this average obtained a p value > 0.05 in both groups, so it was concluded that there was no effect of bay leaf extract on increasing HDL cholesterol.
Table 4. Average Distribution of Respondents Based on LDL Cholesterol
Pre - Test Post - Test P value
Group Mean ±
SD
Mean ± SD Control
LDL
138,79 ± 30,76
147,16 ± 26,28
0,324 Experiment 119,58 ± 130,63 ± 0,360
Based on table 4, the average LDL cholesterol results in prolanis patients, the respondents with the pre-test control group obtained an average LDL cholesterol value of 138.79 mg/dL and the post-test control group of 147.16 mg/dL. The average LDL cholesterol in patients with the pre-test experimental group obtained a value of 119.58 mg/dL and the post- test experimental group 130.63 mg/dL. The P value based on this average obtained a p value
> 0.05 in both groups, so it was concluded that there was no effect of bay leaf extract on reducing LDL cholesterol.
DISCUSSION
Based on the research results of data collected at the faith clinic, there were more female respondents than male respondents.
There were 27 female respondents, 14 in the control group and 13 in the experimental group, 11 male respondents, 6 in the experimental group and 5 in the control group.
Increased cholesterol levels are more likely to be female, when the postmenopausal phase occurs, cholesterol levels will increase due to reduced estrogen, as many as 5-19% of women experience changes in increased cholesterol levels. tends to be higher than women of the same age, after reaching the age of 50 years and over in women experiencing a higher increase in cholesterol than men.12
Based on the results of the research on the characteristics of respondents based on age, the results were obtained at the age of 50-65 as many as the experimental group, namely as many as 9 respondents (47.4%) and as many as 11 respondents for the control group (57.9%), this shows that the older a person gets, the more changes in body composition will occur.
which can increase total cholesterol in the blood. When total cholesterol levels increase, it will be followed by LDL levels which also increase and HDL will decrease. In general, with increasing age, physical activity decreases, lean body mass decreases, while fat tissue increases so that blood cholesterol increases.13 Changes in body composition due