CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Findings
2. Types of the Students’ Grammatical Errors in Writing Spoof Text Following are the samples of the students’ grammatical error in
spoof text writing based on Surface Strategy Taxonomy.
a. The Data of Students’ Omission Errors
Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item which must be appear in a well formed utterance. In this research, the researcher found 101 items of errors which consists of omission of plural marker (s/es) are 6 items, omission of article are 23 items, omission of past marker (ed/d) are 16 items, omission of auxiliary are 23, omission of preposition are 13 items, possesive marker (‘s) are 11 items, subject are 5 items, pronoun are 2 items, modal is 1 item, and verb is 1 item. The following table are the samples of errors commited by the students.
Table 4.1
Omission of Plural Marker
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. In there, We did some activity. In there we did some activities.
2. We are served some food and drink.
We were served some foods and drinks.
3. My teacher is give a lesson to his student and I am to sleepy.
My teacher gave a lesson to his students and I was too sleepy.
4. When I woke up all my friend see me.
When I woke up all of my friends see me.
5. Then one of my friend throw the ball to me.
Then one of my friends threw the ball to me.
Table 4.1 shows that there are six words which omitted by plural marker (es/s). They are activity, food, drink, student, friend. It occurs because the students are interference by their first language (Bahasa).
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Table 4.2 Omission of Article
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. In other hand, I really shamed. In the other hand, I was really shamed.
2. He told us that we would stop learning because the lessons could not be done because of thick smoke.
He told us that we would stop learning because the lessons could not be done because of the thick smoke.
3. Once upon time, Mr Dodi looking his student who looking listless and tired.
Once upon a time, Mr Dodi was looking at his student who looking listless and tired.
4. Then young man said “of course, madam. You really need a glasses. This is barber shop.”
Then a young man said “of course, madam. You really need a glasses. This is barber a shop.”
5. In there, I watch TV with my uncle while held coin Rp.100.
In there, I watched TV with my uncle while held a coin Rp.100.
6. When event IBB SMPN 8, I was in eight grade.
When the event of IBB SMPN 8, I was in eight grade.
7. He is scared me with held lizard and chased me.
He scared me with held a lizard and chased me.
8. And actually what Aqil hold was not lizard but leaf.
And actually what Aqil’s hold was not a lizard but leaf.
9. On that Bentor we made joke. On that Bentor we made a joke.
10. Since then my friend become diligent student.
Since then my friend become a diligent student.
11. When I was in elementary school, I had friend who really like singing.
When I was in elementary school, I had a friend who really like singing.
12. My friend singing with rather loud voice.
My friend singing with a rather loud voice.
13. When I was child, I really loved to go to the mall.
When I was a child, I really loved to go to the mall.
14. Then, security came to me and asked why I cried.
Then, a security came to me and asked why I cried.
15. On that day, I went to school in hurry because I late for waking up.
On that day, I went to school in a hurry because I was late for waking up.
16. When I arrived at school gate, I was very confused and shamed.
When I arrived at the school‘s gate, I was very confused and shamed.
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17. The day was raining and field was wet and slippery.
The day was raining and the field was wet and slippery.
18. The Bentor start shake and then the Bentor titled to right.
The Bentor started shake and then the Bentor titled to the right.
19. On the way to grandma house, I saw beautiful scenery.
On the way to grandma‘s house, I saw a beautiful scenery.
20. In afternoon, I played with my cousins in terrace my grandpa’s home.
In the afternoon, I played with my cousins in terrace of my grandpa’s home.
21. I saw old man. I saw an old man.
22. So, I gave my lunch to Ucok, cat in my school.
So, I gave my lunch to Ucok, the cat in my school.
Based on the table above it can be seen that there are 23 words of article were omitted in the students’ sentences in writing spoof text. The sentences number 1, 2, 6, 16, 17, 18, 22 are omitted of article the.
Meanwhile, the sentences on number 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 19 are omitted of article a. Therefore the sentence on number 21 is omitted of article an.
Table 4.3
Omission of Past Marker (ed/d)
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. When I want to wash my hands, i suddenly slip and fell down on the floor.
When I wanted to wash my hands, i suddenly slipped and fell down on the floor.
2. In there, I watch TV with my uncle while held coin Rp.100.
In there, I watched TV with my uncle while held a coin Rp.100.
3. I’m really shock and don’t tell everyone in my house.
I was really shocked and I didn’t tell everyone in my house.
4. When we arrived, we shook hand and hug each other.
When we arrived, we shook hand and hugged each other.
5. When I arrived, I want to say “Left, sir”.
When I arrived, I wanted to say “Left, sir”.
6. So I went back to home and change my uniform.
So I went back to home and changed my uniform.
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7. Suddenly the hen chase me because she thought that I would distrub her children.
Suddenly the hen chased me because she thought that I would distrub her children.
8. The Bentor start shake and then the Bentor titled to right.
The Bentor started shake and then the Bentor titled to the right.
9. After that, his mother ask him
“what is the prize that you win?” After that, his mother asked him “what is the prize that you win?”
10. When we arrive there, we play basketball for a while.
When we arrived there, we played basketball for a while.
11. I want to laugh but of pity. I wanted to laugh but I was pity to her.
12. Then I help her and her clothes very dirty.
Then I helped her and her clothes was very dirty.
13. She ask for me to move a bit. She asked for me to move a bit.
14. My friend also want to tasted it too and then she took my lunch box.
My friend also wanted to taste it then she took my lunch box.
Based on the table above it can be seen that there are 16 words are omitted of past marker. They are want, slip, watch, hug, change, chase, start, ask, arrive, play, help. It means that the students still lack knowledge in using simple past tense especially in writing spoof text.
Table 4.4
Omission of Auxiliary (to be)
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. In other hand, I really shamed. In the other hand, I was really shamed.
2. That day, I went to school as usual, but different from normal days.
That day, I went to school as usual, but it was different from normal days.
3. Once upon time, Mr Dodi looking his student who looked listless and tired.
Once upon a time, Mr Dodi was looking at his student who looked listless and tired.
4. Once upon time, Mr Dodi looking his student who looked listless and tired.
Once upon a time, Mr Dodi was looking at his student who looked listless and tired.
5. Yes sir. Last night I difficult to sleep sir.
Yes sir. Last night I was difficult to sleep sir.
6. Because that I looking tired and Because of that I am looking
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listless. tired and listless.
7. She entering a room in panic. She was entering a room in panic.
8. I playing to my grandmother house
which wasn’t far from my house. I was playing to my grandmother’s house which wasn’t far from my house.
9. All of people on this Pete-pete looking at me.
All of people on this Pete-pete was looking at me.
10. I just smiled because I really embarassed.
I just smiled because I was really embarassed.
11. My friend singing with rather loud voice.
My friend was singing with a rather loud voice.
12. My mathematic teacher didn’t come to class because she sick.
My mathematic teacher didn’t come to class because she was sick.
13. I and Fadhil silent for a while. Fadhil and I was silent for a while.
14. I really afraid so I cried loudly. I was really afraid so I cried loudly.
15. This is my embarassing day when I in grade 7th.
This is my embarassing day when I was in 7th grade.
16. On that day, I went to school in hurry because I late for waking up.
On that day, I went to school in a hurry because I was late for waking up.
17. I forgot that it Thursday. I forgot that it was Thursday.
18. We going through the hallway. We were going through the hallway.
19. I want to laugh but of pity. I wanted to laugh but I was pity to her.
20. Then I help her and her clothes very dirty.
Then I helped her and her clothes was very dirty.
21. My body very dirty and smell. My body was very dirty and smell.
22. In the Grab car, the driver playing a song Armada “Asalkan Kau Bahagia”.
In the Grab car, the driver was playing a song of Armada
“Asalkan Kau Bahagia”.
23. The video viral. The video was viral.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 23 words of auxiliary were omitted by the students’ in writing spoof text. they are was, am, and were.
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Table 4.5
Omission of Preposition
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. Once upon time, Mr Dodi looking his student who looked listless and tired.
Once upon a time, Mr Dodi was looking at his student who looked listless and tired.
2. Because that Mr Dodi was angry. Because of that Mr Dodi was angry.
3. He came the student. He came to the student.
4. Because that I looking tired and listless
Because of that I am looking tired and listless
5. When event IBB SMPN 8, I was in eight grade.
When the event of IBB SMPN 8, I was in eight grade.
6. Then, one my friends invited us to make a video on the Tiktok application.
Then, one of my friends invited us to make a video on the Tiktok application.
7. When I arrived in front my house, I jumped from the Bentor and my legs hurt.
When I arrived in front of my house, I jumped from the Bentor and my legs hurt.
8. But most us didn’t do that, including me.
But most of us didn’t do that, including me.
9. When I woke up all my friend saw me.
When I woke up all of my friends saw me.
10. When he came back house, he told his mother about his lottery’s number.
When he came back to house, he told his mother about his lottery’s number.
11. In there, I met all my cousins. In there, I met all of my cousins.
12. In afternoon, I played with my cousins in terrace my grandpa’s home.
In the afternoon, I played with my cousins in terrace of my grandpa’s home.
13. In the Grab car, the driver playing a song Armada “Asalkan Kau Bahagia”.
In the Grab car, the driver was playing a song of Armada
“Asalkan Kau Bahagia”.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 13 words of preposition are omitted by the students in writing spoof text. Those words are at, of, and to.
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Table 4.6
Omission of Possesive Marker (‘s)
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. I playing to my grandmother house
which wasn’t far from my house. I was playing to my grandmother’s house which wasn’t far from my house.
2 And actually what Aqil hold was not lizard but leaf.
And actually what Aqil’s hold was not a lizard but leaf.
3. At the time, I went to my aunt house in Maros.
At the time, I went to my aunt’s house in Maros.
4. When I arrived at school gate, I was very confused and shamed.
When I arrived at the school‘s gate, I was very confused and shamed.
5. When I was seven years old, I went to my neighbor house in the afternoon.
When I was seven years old, I went to my neighbor’s house in the afternoon.
6. Then the coin i put in forehead. Then i put the coin in my forehead.
7. Last holiday, I went to my grandmother house.
Last holiday, I went to my grandmother‘s house.
8. On the way to grandma house, I saw beautiful scenery.
On the way to grandma‘s house, I saw a beautiful scenery.
9. I was very confused and afraid because I didn’t see anyone in grandma house.
I was very confused and afraid because I didn’t see anyone in grandma’s house.
10. Apparently, they were gathering in the garden behind grandma house while having a lunch.
Apparently, they were gathering in the garden behind grandma‘s house while having a lunch.
11. At the evening, he went to his grandmother house.
At the evening, he went to his grandmother’s house.
From the table above, it can be seen that there are 11 words are omitted of possesive marker (‘s). Those words are grandmother, Aqil, aunt, school, neighbor, and grandma.
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Table 4.7 Omission of Subject
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. Me and my friends meet Raihan, my classmate with his father, Mr.
Suminto.
We met Raihan, our classmate. He was with his father, Mr. Suminto.
2. Immediately shouted “Suminto”
tightly.
I shouted immediately
“Suminto” tightly.
3. That day, I went to school as usual, but different from normal days.
That day, I went to school as usual, but it was different from normal days.
4. I was really shock and didn’t tell everyone in my house.
I was really shocked and I didn’t tell everyone in my house.
5. I want to laugh but of pity. I wanted to laugh but I was pity to her.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 5 words of subject are omitted by the students. Those words are He, I, It.
Table 4.8 Omission of Pronoun
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. After that my friend was running back to seat
After that my friend was running back to his seat.
2. I want to laugh but of pity. I wanted to laugh but i was pity to her.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 2 words of pronoun are omitted by the students in writing spoof text. They are his and her.
Table 4.9 Omission of Modal
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. Oh ok, the exam delay until next week.
Oh ok, the exam will delay until next week.
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Based on the table 4.9, it can be seen that there is one word of modal is omitted. It is will.
Table 4.10 Omission of Verb
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. I there with my family. I went there with my family.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there is one word of verb is omitted. It is went.
Based on the tables of omission errors (table 4.1- 4.10), the researcher concludes that omission of article and auxiliary are the most highest of omission errors with 23 items each of them. Meanwhile, the lowest are omission of verb and modal with 1 item each of them.
b. The Data of Students’ Addition Errors
Addition is the opposite of omission. Addition errors are characterized by the presence of an item which must not appear in a well- formed utterance.They are indicated by the presence of unnecesarry item grammatical morphemes in an utterance. In this research, the researcher found that there are 33 items of unnecessary words which added by the students in their sentences. It consists of addition of auxiliary are 12 items, double marking are 4 items, conjunction are 8 items, adverb are 3 items, suffix (es/s, ed/d) are 2 items, and unnecessary words are 4 items. The following data present samples of errors in the students’ writing spoof text.
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Table 4.11 Addition of Auxiliary
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. Then one school started to be excited and cheered for fun.
Then one school started excited and cheered for fun.
2. He is scared me with hold lizard and chased me.
He scared me with hold lizard and chased me.
3. I thought I had I was dead. I thought I had died.
4. Suddenly him is hit a table. Suddenly he hit a table.
5. And the teacher was doesn’t exist. And the teacher didn’t exist.
6. My teacher is give a lesson to his student and I am to sleepy.
My teacher gave a lesson to his student and I am to sleepy.
7. I am wake up suddenly because I
am don’t want to be scolded. suddenly I woke up because I didn’t want to be scolded.
8. I was cried because the hen get me and bite my calf.
I cried because the hen get me and bite my calf.
9. On that day, I was walked to basketball field.
On that day, I walked to basketball field.
10. I was laughed although in my mind.
I laughed in my mind.
11. And the egg is rolled in the floor. And the egg rolled in the floor.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 12 words of auxiliary are added in the students’ sentences. These words are to be, is, was, and am. It all are unnecessary item which must not appear on the students’ sentences.
Table 4.12
Double marking of past marker
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. But I didn’t knew why I suddenly
said “Assalamualaikum”. But I didn’t know why I
suddenly said
“Assalamualaikum”.
2. Some of my friends and I didn’t went to the canteen.
Some of my friends and I didn’t go to the canteen.
3. I was very confused and afraid because I didn’t saw anyone in grandma house.
I was very confused and afraid because I didn’t see anyone in grandma house.
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4. We didn’t knew that we are recording by the Grab driver
We didn’t know that we are recording by the Grab driver Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 4 sentences which contain double marking of past marker. Those words are knew, saw, and went. It occurs because the students still lack knowledge about the using of simple past tense.
Table 4.13 Addition of Conjunction
No Students’ Sentence Correction
1. When Aqil chased me, and then I fell because in front of me there is cabel’s score.
When Aqil chased me, I fell because in front of me there is cabel’s score.
2. And when in the middle of his singing, the teacher came straight away but my friend didn’t know it.
In the middle of his singing, the teacher came straight away but my friend didn’t know it.
3. But we were silent classmates. We were silent classmates.
4. And we laughed and my friend was punished.
We laughed and my friend was punished.
5. Because that day the field was very slippery, my friend fell and down in the field.
Because the field was very slippery, my friend fell down.
6. Then I help her and then her clothes was very dirty.
Then I help her and her clothes was very dirty.
7. I was laughed although in my mind.
I laughed in my mind.
8. My friend also want to tasted it too and then she took my lunch box.
My friend also wanted to taste it then she took my lunch box.
Based on the table above it can be seen that there are 8 words of conjunction are added by the students. These words are and then, and when, but, and, then, although. These words should be not appear.