CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
E. Research Instrument
1. Students mean score who were taught by storytelling technique and without storytelling technique in English speaking at grade XI of SMAN
2 Pangkep
Based on the results of research that has been conducted on class XI students of SMAN 2 Pangkep which consists of 40 students, the researchers obtained data through the results of students' speaking skills tests which were presented in table form. The results of the test came from two research class, namely the experimental class and the control class. In the experimental class, researchers used storytelling techniques in the learning process.
Whereas in the control class, researchers used conventional techniques or techniques that commonly used by English teachers in schools during speaking lessons.
The implementation of the students' speaking skills test in two research class was carried out in 2 (two) stages, namely the implementation of the pre-test (before learning) and the post-test (after learning). An overview of the results of the speaking skills test of students from these two research class before learning (pre-test) and after learning (post-test) in detail can be seen in the appendix A.1 and 2.
After the researcher knew the percentage general score of the students' speaking skills test, the researcher then acumulate the data by help of a data processing application in the form of SPSS 21 version to see in detail the results of speaking skills test for the students of class XI SMAN 2 Pangkep.
Through the SPSS 21 version, researchers would calculate the average value, the value of Standard Deviation (SD), determine the score category, test the normality of the data, and test the hypothesis.
a. Calculated The Mean Score
Based on the results data of the students' speaking skills test (pre-test and post-test) in the experimental class and the control class that have been obtained (see appendix A.1,2), the next researcher calculate the average score through SPSS 21 version , as follows.
Table 4.2 Mean Score of The Experiment Class Descriptive Statistics
N Min Max Sum Mean
Pre_test 20 18.34 63.34 726.71 36.3355
Post_test 20 26.67 81.67 1068.38 53.4190 Valid N
(listwise) 20
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing) Based on the table above, it can be seen that the highest score on the pre-test results was 63.34 and the lowest score was 18.34, the mean value was 36.3355 from the total sample / respondent of 20 students.
While the post-test results show that the highest score was 81.67 and the lowest score was 26.67, the mean value was 53.4190 from the total sample / respondent was 20 students.
Table 4.3 Mean Score of The Control Class Descriptive Statistics
N Min Max Sum Mean
Skor_Pretest 20 26.67 45.00 706.70 35.3350 Skor_Posttest 20 26.67 55.00 791.69 39.5845 Valid N
(listwise) 20
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing) Based on table 4.3 above, it can be seen that the highest score in the pre-test results was 45.00 and the lowest score was 26.67, the mean
value was 35.3350 from the total sample / respondent of 20 students.
While the post-test results show that the highest score was 55.00 and the lowest score was 26.67 the mean value was 39.5845 from the total sample / respondent was 20 students.
b. Calculating The Value of Standard Deviation (SD)
After knowing the mean / average value, the researcher then calculate the standard deviation value through the SPSS program 21 version, as follows.
Table 4.4 Standar Deviation Value of Experiment Class Descriptive Statistics
N Min Max Sum Std.
Deviation
Pre_test 20 18.34 63.34 726.71 11.62923
Post_test 20 26.67 81.67 1068.38 11.87926 Valid N
(listwise)
20
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing) Based on table 4.4 above, the value of the standard deviation / standard deviation in the pre-test results was 11.62923 (rounded to 11.629). Meanwhile, the post-test results show that the standard deviation / standard deviation was 11.87926 (rounded to 11.879). This value shows the magnitude of the standard errors in students' speaking skills before and after using the storytelling technique in class XI SMA Negeri 2 Pangkep
Table 4.5 Standar Deviation Value of Control Class Descriptive Statistics
N Min Max Sum Std. Deviation
Pre_test 20 26.67 45.00 706.70 9.15264
Post_test 20 26.67 55.00 791.69 10.17057 Valid N
(listwise)
20
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing)
Based on table 4.5 above, the standard deviation value in the pre- test results was 9.15264 (rounded to 9.152) Meanwhile, in the post-test results, it was known that the standard deviation / standard deviation value was 10.17057 (rounded to 10.171). This value shows the magnitude of the standard error in students' speaking skills before and after using conventional / normal techniques in class XI SMA Negeri 2 Pangkep.
c. Determine The Score Category
Based on the division of the score categories consisting of low, average, and high (Azwar, 2012), the results of students' speaking skills tests before and after using storytelling and conventional/normal techniques in the experimental and control groups can be interpreted as follows.
Table 4.6 Score Category of Students’ Speaking Skill in The Experiment Class
No Type of test
Category limit
Interval F % Category
1 Pre- Test
X < M – 1SD
X < 24,71 1 5% Low M – 1SD ≤ X
< M + 1SD
24,71 ≤ X <
47,97
18 90% Average M + 1SD ≤
X
47,97 ≤ X 1 5% High
Sum 20 100
% 2 Post-
Test
X < M – 1SD
X < 39,39 - - Low M – 1SD ≤ X
< M + 1SD
39,39 ≤ X <
65,61
17 85% Average M + 1SD ≤
X
65,61 ≤ X 3 15% High
Sum 20 100
%
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing)
Table 4.7 Table of the Frequency Score Category In the Experiment Class
Based on table 4.6 and table 4.7, the researcher can conclude that before the experimental class using the storytelling technique; there was 1 student in the low category with a percentage value of 5%, 18 students in the average category with a percentage value of 90%, and 1 student in the high category with a percentage value of 5%. The results of statistical analysis after using storytelling techniques; there was not student who remains in the low category. 17 students who were still included in the average category with a percentage value of 85%, and 3 student in the high category with a percentage value of 15%.
Based on the results of category score analysis showed that the students speaking skill of class XI of SMAN 2 Pangkep in the experimental class that were classified as "average/good with a proportion value of 85%. Either before or after using storytelling techniques, the frequency of categories remains the same.
Category Pre
F % Valid
Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid
Low 1 5.0 5.0 5.0
Average 18 90.0 90.0 95.0
High 1 5.0 5.0 100.0
Sum 20 100.0 100.0
Category_Post
F % Valid
Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid
Low - - - -
Average 17 85.0 85.0 100.0
High 3 15.0 15.0 100.0
Sum 20 100.0 100.0
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing)
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing)
Table 4.8 Score Category of Students’ Speaking Skill in The Control Class
No Type of Test
Category Limit
Interval F % Categ ory 1 Pre-
Test
X < M – 1SD X < 26.19 - - Low M – 1SD ≤ X <
M + 1SD
26.19 ≤ X <
44.49
11 55% Average
M + 1SD ≤ X 44.49 ≤ X 9 45% High
Sum 20 100%
2 Post- Test
X < M – 1SD X < 29.42 7 35% Low M – 1SD ≤ X <
M + 1SD
29.42 ≤ X <
49.76
11 55% Average
M + 1SD ≤ X 49.76 ≤ X 2 10% High
Sum 20 100%
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing) Table 4.9 Table of the Frequency Score Category In the Control Class
Category_Pre
F % Valid
Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid
Low - - - -
Average 11 55.0 55.0 55.0
High 9 45.0 45.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Category_Post
F % Valid
Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid
Low 7 35.0 35.0 35.0
Average 11 55.0 55.0 90.0
High 2 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing) Based on table 4.8 and table 4.9, it can be seen that the control class before using conventional / normal techniques (pre-test); There were 11 students in the medium category with a percentage value of 55% and 9 students in the high category with a percentage value of 45%. The results of statistical analysis after using conventional / normal techniques; There were 7 students in the low category with a percentage value of 35%, there were
11 students in the average cayegory with a percentage 55% and there were 2 students in the high category with a percentage value of 10%.
The results of this category analysis showed that, speaking skill can classified in control class as average/good with a percentage value of 55%.
Either before or after used conventional / normal techniques in the learning process. However, based on the information from the table above, the researcher also found the fact that some students who were originally in the high category turned into the low category with a decrease in percentage of 35% (from 45% to 10%).
In addition to the form of data tables, researchers also present data analysis in the form of bar graphs / histograms as follows :
Figure 4.1 The Data Presentation Form of a Histogram Graph Eksperiment Class
Pre-test Category Post-test Category
Based on the figure above the first category the mean score was 2, standar deviation was .324 and N (sample) was 20 students. Then for the second figure the mean score was 2.15, with standar deviation .366 and N(sample) was 20 students.
Figure 4.2 The Data Presentation Form of a Histogram Graph Control Group
In the figure 4.2 the first category the mean score was 2.45, standar deviation was 251 and N (sample) was 20 students. Then for the second figure the mean score was 1.75, with not standar deviation and N(sample) was 20 student.
d. Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing in this study used the SPSS program 21 version with the following data processing results.
Table 4.11 Table of Paired Sample Statistics Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std.
Deviation
Std. Error Mean Pair
1
Before 36,3355 20 11,62923 2,60037
After 52,5025 20 13,19699 2,95094
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing) Pre-test Category Post-test Category
Based on the results of the t-test on the pre-test and post-test data, the results of students' English speaking skill using storytelling techniques in second grade of SMAN 2 Pangkep obtained a significant value of 0.000 <0.05.
While the hypothesis testing criteria used were as follows:
1) If obtain, the formulated hypothesis is accept , and is reject, and
2) If then the alternative hypothesis is reject, and the null hypothesis is accept.
Table 4.13 Table of Paired Sample Test Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Sig.
(2- taile
d) Mean Std.
Dev Std.
Error Mean
95%
Confidence Interval of the
Difference Low Upper Pair
1
before – after
-
16,16 8,53 1,90 -20,16 -12,17 -8,472 19 ,000 (Source: SPSS 21 data processing)
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 before & after 20 ,771 ,000
Table 4.12 Table of Paired Sample Correlation
(Source: SPSS 21 data processing)
Based on the table above, it can be concluded on the value of significant value (sig) and tcount . The researcher uses both of them to analyze the data and the test of the hypothesis. According to Singgih Santoso (2014: 265), the guidelines for decision making in the paired sample t-test based on the significance value (sig.) The SPSS results were as follows:
1) If the significant level < α (sign value < 0.05) then Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted.
2) If the significant level > α (sign value > 0.05) then Ho is accepted and H1 is rejected.
Based on the "Paired Samples Test" output table above, it was known that the sig (2-tailed) value was 0.000 <0.05, so Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. So it can be concluded that there was an average difference between the pre-test and post-test learning outcomes, which means that there was an influence or impact from the used of storytelling techniques on the speaking ability of class XI students of SMA Negeri 2 Pangkep.
In addition to comparing the significance value (sig.) With a probability of 0.05, decision making can also be done by comparing the t-value with the t-table. The basis for making decisions was as follows:
1) If the value of t count> t table, then ho was rejected and ha was accepted
2) Conversely, if the value of t count < t table, then Ho was accepted and Ha was rejected
Based on the "Paired Samples Test" output table above, it was known that the t-count was negative, which was -8.472. T-count was negative because the mean value of the pre-test learning outcomes was lower than the average post-test learning outcomes. In a case like this, the negative t-value can be positive. So the t-value becomes 8.472.
Next it was the stage of finding the t table value, where the t- table was searched based on the df value (degree of freedom) and the significance value (a / 2). From the result above, it was known that the df value was 19 and the value 0.05 / 2 was equal to 0.025. This value was the basis of reference in finding the t-table value in the distribution of the statistical t-table value. Then it was found that the t-table value was 2.093.
Thus, because the value of t-count was 8.472 > t-table 2.093. So as the basis for the decision above, it can be said that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. So it can be concluded that there was an average difference between the pre-test and post-test learning outcomes, which means that there was an influence or impact from the used of storytelling techniques in improving the speaking skills of class XI students of SMA Negeri 2 Pangkep.
2. The Impact of Storytelling Technique to The Students English