In this study, the discussion divided into several chapters.
Each chapter discussed and elaborated particular topics, as follows:
. Chapter I
Chapter I present the introduction, which consists of title confirmation, background of the research, focus and sub focus of the research, identification of the research, limitation of the research, research questions, the objectives of research, significant of research, scope of the research, relevance studies, research methodology, and systematic discussion.
. Chapter II
Chapter II contains a literature review of several theories and references that form the basis for supporting studies. in this study, chapter ii presents the theories of discourse, critical discourse analysis and theory of Van Dijk.
. Chapter III
Chapter III presents the research object description. This chapter presents general description of critical discourse analysis on the Nadiem Makarim‘s video conference of Yidan Prize Asia-Pacific Conference "Education Indonesia During Covid- " as an object of the research and presentation of facts and data collected in the study
. Chapter IV
Chapter IV presents research data and research findings. This chapter presents all the data obtained along with the result of the data analysis with the interpretation of the data.
. Chapter V
Chapter V presents the conclusion and suggestion of the research. This chapter presents what can be concluded from the result of the study and provides suggestion related to the conclusion.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Discourse Analysis
As it has been acknowledged, every aspect of society requires the use of a language in order to go about their daily lives, as evidenced by sign symbols or actual communication. A study of discourse from its inception can assist academia in better understanding the role of numerous discourse occurrences within the community. Discourse analysis appears in the midst of the communication to analyze the substance of the messages.
Conversations, materials such as books, speech scripts, and transcripts on forums, articles in newspapers, and adverts, or even other languages and technology media, are all examples of communication. Furthermore, discourse analysis is utilized by scholars to study the message that is used and comprehended. It is also feasible to investigate the tactics employed by communicators such as writers and presenters in expressing aims and messages through their discourse.
Discourse analysis improves critical thinking skills, which equips language learners with relevant, practical, and, in some cases, marketable skills. Furthermore, the discourse analysis covers an appropriate subject for advanced English learners, particularly in a multicultural setting In the framework of EFL, language learning success is dependent on communication between students or between the teacher and pupils in the class, where foreign languages are regarded a requirement for learning.
This is because to the fact that the subject's nature necessitates the continual use and practice of language as a means of communication. Discourse analysis teaches students new abilities and strengthens existing ones in language interpretation within their individual environment, whether social or cultural. Discourse analysis is particularly important in the teaching process, where the teacher's role as a facilitator for the students in the classroom can be enhanced by examining the language used both within and
outside the classroom, such as students' online and informal contacts.
The term discourse, according to Bilal et al., refers to everything written or spoken in the ordinary use of language.
Surface meanings are always different from true meanings, and the goal of discourse is to show how speech patterns work in a given context and how they are used in society. Furthermore, they claim that utterances in natural discourses, particularly spoken discourses, are always unplanned. That is, they are rife with false starts, pauses, and unfinished sentences, among other things. They are not grammatically accurate, and grammarians never regard them to be so.18
Without significant features like coherence and cohesion, discourse analysis is incomplete, and the entire process of studying the discourse in written form or in speech is incomplete.
The former refers to the concept of deriving a particular context through the interaction of text with the participant. Context is important because it informs the reader about the relationship, culture, intentions, and so on in which anything was written or said. Cohesion can refer to the connecting devices that contribute to the meaning of coherences in text or discourse. Discourse analysis aids in the discovery of hidden meanings in any circumstance or text, according to the International Journal of Linguistics. One of its main objectives is to show how specific linguistic components tend to improve language users' communication effectiveness.
According to Hodges et.al discourse analysis is the study and analysis of how people use language. Because the phrase is used in a variety of ways, the methods to discourse analysis are grouped into three categories:19
18Bilal, Hafiz Ahmad., Ahsan, Hina Mujeeb., Gohar, Sundus., Younis, Sehreen., Awan, Saqib Javed. ( ). Critical Discourse Analysis of Political TV Talk Show of Pakistani Media. International Journal of Linguistic.
19 Hodges, Brian & Kuper, Ayelet & Reeves, Scott. ( ). Discourse analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
Table .
Discourse Analysis Categories
The first method, formal linguistic discourse analysis, is conducting a structured examination of text in attempt to uncover general underlying laws of linguistic or communicative function.
Rresearchers who employ empirical discourse analysis, on the other hand, do not use highly structured methodologies to code individual words and utterances in detail. Rather, they use approaches like conversation analysis (the study of "talk-in- interaction") and genre analysis (the study of recurrent patterns, or genres of language that share similar structure and context—such as the case report, the scientific article) to look for broad themes and functions of language in action. Further more, critical discourse analysis is a term used by researchers in cultural studies, sociology, and philosophy to refer to a broader sphere that includes all of the social practices, individuals, and institutions that make it possible or legitimate to understand phenomena in a particular way and to make certain statements about what is
"true." Critical discourse analysis is rooted in "constructivism"
and is particularly concerned with power.