In analyzing the data, the researcher divided the data into two categories of data analysis based on the data categorized.
1. Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data is the data which is formed in numerical. In this research, the result of speaking test categorized as quantitative data. In quantitative data, the researcher would analyze the data through students speaking task and test. Students speaking task was taken from students activity through Role Play in Table Manner and their performance in
meeting 1 to meeting 3 in every cycle. Students speaking test was taken in the end of each cycle. To analyze it, the researcher used simple quantitative data analysis, the formula is as follows:
Students Mark = Achievement Score x 100 Maximal Score
Students Mark = Students‘ Score
Achievement Score = Score from Speaking Test (Grammar, Vocabulary, Comprehension, Fluency, and Pronunciation)
Maximal Score = Indicator Score Based on Speaking Test The categories are as follows:
Table 1: Indicator of Speaking Test
5 Very Good
4 Good
3 Fairly
2 Poor
1 Bad
(Brown, 2004:172)
The indicator of speaking test is taken from Brown (2004:172), which is based on the speaking rubric guide (see in Appendix 2 Speaking Test Criteria on pg. 114). In scoring the students‘ speaking skill, the researcher used percentage to calculate the final score. The score is from 1 to 5 (Table1). For example, the students who got score 4 in grammar was equal with 4/5 X 100 = 80.
Based on the result of the formula above, the researcher categorized students‘ speaking ability by comparing percentage of pre-test and post-test and to make the difference clear, the researcher used graphs and matrixes.
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Table 2: Indicators of Role Play in Table Manner
Number Indicators
1 Greeting and smile 2. Special request 3. Taking order 4. Handling complaint 5. Leave taking
Table 2 represents assessment indicator conducted in the activity of role play in table manner.
Table 3: Observation Checklist of Speaking Test
Students Code
Indicator
Score Mean
1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Percentage Total Students Average Mean Score
Note:
1. 5 = Very Good 2. 4 = Good 3. 3 = Fair 4. 2 = Poor 5. 1 = Bad Indicator:
1. Grammar 2. Vocabulary 3. Comprehension 4. Fluency
5. Pronunciation
Based on the table 5 in speaking test indicators, the students get 5 if they are equivalent to educated native speaker in grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and pronunciation. The students get 4 if they are accurate on all levels averagely. The students get 3 if they are good in controlling grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and pronunciation.
The students get 2 if they can handle the all constructions quite accurately but
d not have confident control in grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and pronunciation. The students get 1 if they have errors in grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and pronunciation, but can still be understood by native speaker.
Taken from Brown (2004:157)
Table 4: Observation Checklist of Role Play in Table Manner INDICATORS
Students Code
1 2 3 4 5
Percentage Note:
1. Greeting and smile 2. Special request 3. Taking order 4. Handling complaint 5. Leave taking
Table 4 represents the observation checklist containing students‘ assessment of role play in table manner.
Table 5: The Mark of Each Indicator Sheet :
Subject :
Day :
Date :
Time :
Cycle :
Meeting :
NO STUDENTS NAME INDICATOR
1 2 3 4 5
Students‘ Average Mean Score Indicator:
1. 1 = Grammar
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2. 2 = Vocabulary 3. 3 = Comprehension 4. 4 = Fluency
5. 5 = Pronunciation
Table 5 represents the mark for each indicator, taken from Yasin (2010:7)
2. Qualitative Data
Qualitative data is data which is found in the field. In this research, a qualitative data obtained from observation, interview and field notes. To analyze it, the researcher will use inductive analysis. In this case, Gay and Airassian (2000:239) gives five steps in analyzing it, they are:
a. Data Managing
Data managing involves creating and organizing the data collected during the study. The purpose of data managing is to organize the data and check it for completeness and to start the researcher on the process of analyzing and interpreting the data. The researcher will organize the data check for completeness whether they have got from qualitative data (observer‘s comment on the student‘s speaking activities and teacher‘s teaching activities). The researcher will prepare observation checklist both for students‘ and teacher‘s activities in speaking.
b. Reading or Memoing
The first step in analyzing is reading or memoing. The researcher read observation‘s comment on observation every end of each cycle. He also will note that seem important to her related to the observer‘s comment, so that he will have a record of initial thoughts and sense of the data.
c. Description
The aim of description is to provide a true picture of setting and that will take place in it, so the researcher and the observed describe how students and teacher define situations and will explain their activities, their interactions and social relations among the students and the teacher in speaking class.
d. Classifying
The typical ways of qualitative data analysis are broken down and organize it through the process of classifying. The researcher ordered observer‘s comment on students‘ and teacher‘s activities in speaking class.
e. Interpreting
The researcher focused on the characteristics of a single person or group. He determined how one identifies what is important, why it indicates about the students and context studied in observation checklist on students‘ and teacher‘s activities in speaking class.
Table 6: The Process of Teaching and Learning Speaking
Sheet :
Subject :
Day :
Date :
Time :
Cycle :
Meeting :
NO ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION
TEACHER STUDENTS
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Table 6 was used to make sequence in the speaking learning process of the research activity. It consists of sheets of delivered materials containing class activities in the form of teaching steps divided into teacher and students‘
activities.
(Taken from Anas Yasin, 2010:75) Table 7: Observation Sheet
Sheet :
Subject :
Day :
Date :
Time :
Cycle :
Meeting :
NO ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION
TEACHER STUDENTS
The table above is the observation sheet containing description of the activity of observation result conducted by researcher‘s collaborator and the researcher if the researcher is not delivering learning materials.
(Taken from Anas Yasin, 2010:76)
The researcher completed this instrumentation by using field note as follows:
Table 8: Field Note
No :
Cycle :
Meeting :
Day/Date : Researcher opinion,
...
...
...
...
...
Observer opinion,
...
...
...
...
...
Padang, ...
Observer, Researcher,
Table 8 represents the conclusion of the result of the activity conducted during the research process from cycle 1, 2 and 3 which was useful to complete the result the research conducted.
(Taken from Anas Yasin, 2010:78)
48 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION