CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
5. Validity and Reliability of Test
1. Face validity
According to English teacher “a questions were relevant to the basic competence of recount text”. Afterward, she agreed that the multiple choices efficiently used to find how is the students understand the recount text. Hence, it showed that the test have face validity.
2. Content validity
In this research, researcher used content validity. Content validity is the degree which an item reflects the world of content it means are generalized. In general, content validity involved evaluating new research instrument to ensure that all elements were essential and undesirable for a particular configuration are were eliminated.37
Researcher written test specifications. Test specifications included multiple choice questions, reading used based on multiple choice questions. To make the test valid, the researcher prepare several things that were applied:
a) Designing a test based on the curriculum, based on basic competence in reading, participants are targeted to be able to
37 Taherdoost, “Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validation of a Questionnaire/Survey in a Research.” 5
understand the meaning of several words based on multiple choice questions.
b) Provide clear instructions to participants, such as students having to answer their multiple choice questions based on the topic of the lesson.
Therefore, for instrument validation, the researcher handed over to English teacher as a validator to test the relationship between the instrument and the syllabus which included basic competencies, indicators, and learning objectives. The instrument was declared valid if it complied with the curriculum requirement, the results of the validity test as follow:
Day/date Activity
Thursday, 09 February 2023 The researcher sent the expert validation to examine files of test instrument.
Saturday, 11 February 2023 The expert confirmed the test instrument was valid.
Based on the result, it could be concluded that the test instrument was confirmed valid and ready to be tried out to students.
b. Reliability of Test
Reliability test is the consistency of results obtained on different occasions. An instrument is reliable if it gave the same result in two different test. To test the reliability of the instrument, researcher conducted a try out on the sample. Researcher randomly selected 10 of students from each class as the try out sample. Before conducting the try out, the researcher asked permission to English teacher and asked
about available class. After found the available class, the try out sample was collected. After that, the researcher given the test instructions, students then try according to the allotted time. In this research, the researcher used Cronbach‟s Alpha by SPSS Statistic 22 version to determine the reliability of the instrument. In this case, finding benchmark results when interpreting instrument reliability can be based on several criteria, namely:38
Category of Reliability
Value Category
> 0.90 Very highly reliable
0.80-0.90 Highly reliable
0.70-0.79 Reliable
0.60-0.69 Minimally reliable
<0.60 Unacceptably low reliability On Monday, February 13th 2023, the researcher conducted reading comprehension try out test. The scores of try out result for 10 students.
No Name Score
1 DZM 90
2 DPM 75
3 AWS 95
4 BA 75
5 USN 80
6 DAC 80
7 RDP 50
8 RVAP 50
9 RDA 75
10 SEA 50
38 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison, Research Methods in Education 8th Edition, (New York: Routledge, 2018), 774
Table 4.5 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.724 20
Based on the SPSS output above, Cronbach‟s Alpha value was 0.724. It can be concluded that the instrument was reliable.
c. Normality Test
Normality test aims to determine the distribution of data the variables that was used in this research. Data which were good and appropriate to be used in this research was normally distributed data.
The normality test used in this research was the Kolmogrov-Smirnov normality test with decision making if Sig > 0.05 then the data was normally distributed, if the Sig < 0.05 it means that the data was not normally distributed. Here the result of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test:
Table 4.6 The Normality Test
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Unstandardized Residual
N 22
Normal Parametersa,b Mean .0000000
Std. Deviation 6.58700277 Most Extreme
Differences
Absolute .127
Positive .096
Negative -.127
Test Statistic .127
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .200c,d
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated from data.
c. Lilliefors Significance Correction.
d. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
Based on the result above, it showed that significant value was 0.200 which means that it was greater than 0.05, it can be concluded that the data had normal distributed.
d. Homogeneity Test
Homogeneity test aims to ensure that the data set to be measured come from a homogeneous (same) population. The following table result from the calculation of the homogeneity test:
Table 4.7
The Homogeneity Test Test of Homogeneity of Variance
Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Hasil Belajar Bahasa Inggris
Based on Mean .886 1 42 .352
Based on Median .608 1 42 .440
Based on Median and
with adjusted df .608 1 35.760 .441
Based on trimmed
mean .913 1 42 .345
Based on the output above, it can be seen that the significance value (Sig), based on Mean was 0.352 > 0.05, so it can be concluded that the variance of the experimental class post-test data and control class post-test data were homogeneous.
e. Independent Sample T-test
Based on the preliminary test of statistical analysis, it can be found that the data were analyzed using T-test. This technique was prove whether there was a significant difference between students‟
reading comprehension in experimental class and control class. The
table below was a data recapitulation that explain the comparison between experimental class and control class.
Table 4.8 Group Statistics
Kelas N Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error Mean Hasil Belajar
Bahasa Inggris
Experimen
tal Class 22 82.7273 5.50482 1.17363
Control
Class 22 76.3636 7.10161 1.51407
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Hasil Belajar Bahasa
Inggris
Equal variances assumed
.886 .352 3.322 42 .002 Equal
variances not assumed
3.322 39.5
42 .002
t-test for Equality of Means Mean
Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
Hasil Belajar Bahasa Inggris
Equal variance s
assumed
6.36364 1.91568 2.49765 10.22963 Equal
variance s not assumed
6.36364 1.91568 2.49051 10.23676
The basis for making decision on Independent Sample T-Test was follows:
1) If the value is Sig. (2-tailed) < Research Alpha (0.05) then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted.
2) If the value is Sig. (2-tailed) > Research Alpha (0.05) then H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected.
Based on the data above, showed the descriptive results of the data analysis ability assessment using SPSS software for the experimental and control classes. Based on the above, the average value for the experimental class = 82.72 and the average value for the control class = 49.77 and the significance Sig. (2-tailed) was 0.002 <
0.05 then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted which means that there was a different on the average of data post-test in experimental class and control class.
Furthermore, from the output data table above, it was known that the “Mean Difference” value was 6.36364, this value showed the difference between the average student learning outcomes in experimental class and the average student learning outcomes in control class or 82.72 – 49.77 = 32.95 and the difference was 2.49765 to 10.22963 (95% Confidence Interval of the Difference).