Feni Kurniati¹*, Bunga Sakina²**, Adrian Immanuel³***, Theolifus⁴****
¹²³⁴School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung
*[email protected], **[email protected],
****[email protected] ABSTRACT
Flat’s residents, who were previously living in horizontal housing, facing a different way of socializing in the flats due to different spatial condition.
This requires residents to adapt in order to be able to interact among themselves. One factor that affects variation of adaptation pattern is residents’ origin. This study aims to identify the characterictics of social adaptation pattern in rumah susun conducted by two different types of residents’ origin. Data were collected by using behavioral mapping observation techniques, direct interviews and structured questionnaire.
The findings show that the residents’ origin and communal space characteristic simillarities have a high impact on their adaptation pattern of social interactions. These results are expected to provide some insights for the development of social spaces’ design in flats, to improve the quality of life of the residents.
Keywords: horizotal housing, vertical housing, residents’ origin, social interaction, adaptation
INTRODUCTION
Flats’ residents, who were previously living in horizontal housing, facing a different way of socializing. The social interaction habits in horizontal hous- ing cannot be fully applied in flats due to the separated social spaces because of its floors’ level differences. This condition requires residents to adapt in order to be able to interact among themselves.
The pattern of adaptation formed vary. One factor that affects it is resi- dents’ origin. Residents who were previously living in the same area are expected to have a different adaptation pattern of social interactions compared with residents originating from different locations. This study aims to identify the characterictics of social adaptation pattern in flats conducted by two different types of residents’ origin. This study takes In- dustri Dalam flats in Bandung and Cigugur Tengah flats in Cimahi, as a case study. Residents of Industri Dalam flats are mostly from settlements around its site, whereas the residents of Cigugur Tengah flats are from the outside areas.
Data are collected by using behavioral mapping observation techniques (Haryadi, 1995) to map the kinds of social interactions and social spaces which are generated through the process of adaptation of interactions among the residents. Direct interviews with residents are also conducted as a complement to the observational data, while quessionair was used to discover the adaptation pattern conducted by residents from horizon- tal to vertical housing.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
Interaction, according to Soekanto (1977) is a dynamic and reciprocal relationship, either between person and person, person and group or group and group. Furthermore, he says that there are two required conditions to create social interaction, which are social contact and communication.
Social contact covers two types of contacts, direct physical contact and non-physical contact such as having conversation (Gunawan in Subadi 2009). Those can take place in two nature of contacts, primary social contact such as face-to-face meeting or secondary social contact such as communicating through electronic devices.
According to the type and the nature of social contact, social interaction can be classified into three categories, which are high-level, middle-level and low-level interaction (Lawson, 2010). Social interaction involving
only visual contact is classified as low-level of social interaction, while interaction involving visual and verbal contacts is classified as mid-level and interaction involving visual, verbal and physical contacts is classified as high-level of social interaction.
SOCIAL INTERACTION ADAPTATION FROM HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL HOUSING: A ROLE OF RESIDENT’S BACKGROUND
Given that social interaction is a key in creating togetherness (Purwanto and Wijayanti, 2012), then any residential environment is expected to facilitate social interaction needs of the residents (Sumiarto, in Anwar 1998).
Thus, it is important to provide communal spaces in living environments to accomodate residents’ need of social interaction (Purwanto, 2012), both formal and informal interaction (Anwar 1998).
In horizontal housing, there are some communal spaces where the residents usually meet and socialize, namely assembly hall (balai desa), alley, terrace and front yard. However in vertical housing like flats, communal spaces can be devided into two caretories, the expected spaces like halls and multi function rooms and unexpected spaces like a corridor and stairs (Anwar, 1998). These differences of spatial pattern between horizontal and vertical housing affect the adaptation process of social interaction among the residents when they live flats environment.
According Hendratno (1999) and Sarwindah (1995), adaptation is an effort of individual to adjust to the environment, both physical and socio- cultural environment in order to survive (Chaplin and Evan in Suhaeni, 2011). Based on such understanding, the adaptation of social interaction is an individual effort to adapt to the new physical and social environment to be able to accommodate the needs of social interactions.
Furthermore, in the process was discovered two forms of adaptation, which are passive and active adaptation (Omar et al., 2010). Passive adaptation is an adjustment performed by residents in themself though the behavioral adaptation, while active adaptation is adjustment performed by modifying the physical environment such as expanding and separating the room. Therefore, according to Berry (1997), adaptation can be identified through comparing the changes that occur during social interactions take place, both on the physical and behavioral aspects from horizontal to vertical housing.
The changes that are created from the process of adaptation are very
diverse. In the context of flats, beside the spatial condition, residents’
background also considerably influence the adaptation process of social interaction (Hendratno, 1999). One of the social background that should be taken into account is the origin of the residents. Flats with residents who are from the same area, are assumed to have the high level of closeness among them. Consequently, they have an established social relationship that significantly affects the their willingness to maintain the community solidarity though intense social interaction (Susanti, 2013 and Yanto, 2015).
However, the flats with residents who are from variuous areas, will have less of communal solidarity. It causes the resident’ prefer to live individually.
Thus, it is clear that the social background has a big impact on social interaction adaptation pattern formed by flats’ residents.
ADAPTATION PATTERN OF SOCIAL INTERACTION WITHIN VERTICAL HOUSING (FLATS)
In the continous process of adaptation, there is a repetition of the adjustment, setting a pattern of adaptation. Suyono (cited in Ratnaningrum, 2013) describes pattern is a series of elements that are settled on a phenomenon which then can be used to describe the phenomenon itself. According to that, adaptation patterns are the elements that have been settled in the process of adaptation, which can describe the adaptation process itself through the everyday life, either in the form of behavior or social interaction.
In terms of social interaction, the pattern can be read through the daily behavior of a group of individual that takes place in particular space. To read the pattern, Wigglesworth and Till (1998) mentions time can be used to discover the relationship between actors, places and events. Inkeles (cited in Sarwindah, 1995) further explains that the time propoeties can be used to measure the patterns of social interaction are ‘when’ and ‘level’
of social interaction conducted in communal spaces.
Research conducted by Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo (2011) explained that to see the usage pattern of communal space, there are parameters can be used, namely: [1] the physical characteristics of the setting, [2] the type of activity, [3] the intensity of activity, [4] time, [5] the type of actors (women/men, children/adult), and [6] number of actors.
Meanwhile, according to Purwanto & Wijayanti (2012), the parameters used to identify usage patterns of flat’s communal space are divided into five, namely: [1] the nature of the activities (formal/informal), [2] the
frequency of activity, [3] the space used (space planned/unplanned), [4] scale activities (internal scale RT / inter-RT), and [5] the distance to the communal space.
Based on those studies, it can be understood that there are four patterns of communal space usage, which are [1] activity pattern, [2] spatial patttern, [3] time pattern, and [4] user pattern, as seen in the table 1.
Table 1. Classifying usage pattern of communal space 1 Activity
Pattern Activities Type Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo, 2011 Activities Intensity Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo, 2011
Activity Nature Purwanto & Wijayanti, 2012
2 Place
Pattern Activity Frequency Purwanto & Wijayanti, 2012 Place Characteristics Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo, 2011 Place Type Purwanto & Wijayanti, 2012
3 Time
Pattern Place Distance Purwanto & Wijayanti, 2012 Activity Time Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo, 2011
4 Actor
Pattern User Type Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo, 2011 User Quantity Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo, 2011 Activity Scope Purwanto & Wijayanti, 2012 Source: Adapted from Purwanto & Wijayanti (2012)
and Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo (2011)
Those formulatings of usage pattern of communal space generate indicators to identify adaptation pattern of social interaction in flats, they are:1. Activity pattern, identified by type of activity, intensity, and duration
of activity.
2. Place pattern, identified by type of place and its distance to dwelling unit.
3. Time pattern, identified by when activity conducted.
4. User pattern, identified by type and quanity of users involved.
Table 2. Indicators of adaptation pattern of social interaction conducted in flats
1 Activity Pattern Activity Type
Activity Intensity Activity Duration
2 Place Pattern Place Type
Accesibility
3 Time Pattern Activity Time
4 User Pattern User Type
User Quantity Source: Authors’ analysis adapted from Purwanto & Wijayanti (2012)
and Yatmo & Atmodiwirjo (2011) DESCRIPTION OF STUDY CASE
Description of Industri Dalam Flats
Figure 1. Industri Dalam Flats Source: Authors’ documentation
Industri Dalam Flats is an owned flats located in Kelurahan Arjuna, Kecamatan Cicendo, Bandung. It is located in a strategic location because there are several public facilities and infrastructure (such as public transportation, mosque, market and school) nearby. These flats were built due to the flood concern that comes annually from Citepus River, which flows though the Industri Dalam dwelling area. In the process, the government replaces each land which owned by the private dwellers that were being evacuated to the flats, with the flats’ unit.
According to the manager’s data (2005), this flats has three four-story building blocks called Block A, B, and C. It has 156 units and 780 residents in total. Each unit contains of one bathroom, one bedroom, and one multipurpose room. There are also some communal facilities, such as communal kitchen and bath inside the Block A. Nearby this block, there are some convenient shop booths. This flats also has an open space which located on the center of the flats complex. In normal days, it becomes parking space. Sometimes it could become public space or sport field, when vehicles are not there.
Figure 2. Industri Dalam flat complex conditions Source: Authors’ documentation
Description of Cigugur Tengah Flats
Cigugur Tengah Flats is a rental flats located in Kelurahan Cigugur Tengah, Cimahi. It was built in 2003 and became operational in 2006, according to the manager’s data (2009). This flats already rented and being inhabited by 1921 families or 5317 people in total.
The complex of Cigugur Tengah Flats has 5 building blocks (block A, B, C, D, and E). Each of them has 5-storey, where there are public space, parking lot, and building manager office on the ground floor; and also residential units on the upper floors. Each floor has 12 typical units with 21 m2 floor area eachincluding one kitchen and one bathroom. There is also a mosque located inside this flats complex.
Figure 4. Cigugur Tengah flat building conditions Figure 3. Cigugur Tengah Flats
Source: Authors’ documentation
INDUSTRI DALAM FLATS SOCIAL INTERACTION ADAPTATION PATTERN ANALYSIST AND DISCUSSION
Communal Space Usage Pattern in Industri Dalam Flats
To analyze the social interaction adaptation pattern that happens in Industri Dalam Flats, identification towards the social interaction along with the created social space was conducted through observation and open interview with some flat dwellers. The observation using activity mapping (figure 5 and 6) was used to discover the social interaction activity on the ground level and block B flats, which block has similar facilities as the one in Cigugur Tengah flats – for equal comparison.
Figure 5. The use of communal spaces pattern on 1st-3rd floor area of Industri Dalam flats
Source: Authors’ analysis (spatial map is adapted from flats’ manager data)
Figure 6. The use of communal spaces pattern on the ground floor area of Industri Dalam flats
Source: Authors’ analysis (spatial map is adapted from flats’ manager data) Based on the result of activity mapping and open interview, social interaction spaces are created in (1) parking area and open field; (2) lobby and hall inside flat buildings; (3) corridor; (4) stairs and (5) mosque.
At the same time, the pattern of social interaction, which are activity type, user’s type, and quantity of doers were discovered. The preliminary conclusion of this identification was summarized in table 3.
In table 3, it is shown that there are more variety of social interaction activities in the parking field and corridor, compared to the other areas.
Based on age of users, parking field, lobby/hall, and corridor are used by all groups of age. While based on number of interacting people, averagely they prefer to interact around the parking field, lobby/hall, and mosque. This phenomenon is also influenced by activities that could possibly perform on those spots.
Table 3. Classification of communal space usage pattern in Industri Dalam Flats
Source: Authors’ analysis
These identification result of social interaction pattern was used as reference to make questionnaire and as supplementary to identify social interaction adaptation pattern in the flats.
Industri Dalam Flats Residents Background
Background of Industri Dalam Flats residents were obtained through structured questionnaire. Respondents in total are 25 people (11 male and 14 female), which majority are adults (25-70 year). Their occupation generally are housewives (42,9%), self-employments (32,1%), office workers (14,3%), college students (7,1%) and students (3,6%).
Figure 7. Industri Dalam flats residents origin Source: Authors’ analysis
Majority of the respondents are originally from horizontal housing.
Generally they come from West Java (96%), which all of them are from Industri Dalam neighborhood (65%). They also already had known each other before they moved to the flats. This kind of social background also influences their social adaptation pattern in the Industri Dalam Flats.
This established social relationship is then becoming an important key to support the process of social interaction adaptation among the residents in Industri Dalam flats.
Social Interaction Adaptation Pattern from Horizontal Housing into Industri Dalam Flats
Social interaction adaptation behaviors of the residents were achieved through questionnaire. The questionnaire based on activity pattern including activity type, intensity and duration of social interaction activity;
location pattern including location and accessibility; time pattern including when the interaction happened; and users pattern including numbers of doers.
The questionnaire compares social interaction pattern between horizontal and vertical neighborhood, to identify whether they kept their social interaction habits in horizontal neighborhood or adapting by change their interaction habits. The pattern could be seen form table 4.
Table 4. Comparation of social interaction pattern between horizontal and vertical housing in Industri Dalam flats
Social Interaction Pattern Percentage (%)
Horizontal Hous-
ing Vertical Hous-
ing Activity Pattern Activity Type
(Low-High Inter- action)
Mid-Level 79.6 85.7
High-Level 20.4 14.3
Activity Intensity Almost never 7.1
Rarely 3.6 15.4
Every once in a
while 14.3 11.5
Sometimes 42.9 26.9
Almost always 32.1 46.2
Duration <15 min 3.6
15-45 min 32.1 28.6
45-60 min 21.4 10.7
1-2 hrs 28.6 32.1
2-3 hrs 10.7 10.7
>3 hrs 7.1 14.3
Place Pattern Place Type Front yard/ter-
race 42.3
sidewalk 9.6
Open space/
field 13.5 32.1
Alley 21.2
Mosque 9.6 13.2
In the house 1.9
Assembly hall 1.9 18.9
Stairs 3.8
Corridor 32.1
Accesibility Very difficult 3.8
Difficult
Average 3.6 7.7
Easy 25 26.9
Very Easy 71.4 61.5
Time Pattern Activity Time Morning 23.9 16.7
Afternoon 13 16.7
Late afternoon 37 35.4
Night 26.1 31.3
User Pattern User Quantity < 3 3.6 3.6
3-5 39.3 32.1
6-10 32.1 28.6
> 10 25 35.7
Source: Authors’ analysis
Based on the comparison result of social interaction pattern in horizontal and vertical neighborhood, it was found the adaptation patterns which are including the activity pattern, location pattern, time pattern, and performer pattern.
Activity Pattern
From table 4, it is shown that the level of social interaction activities that happened in both horizontal and vertical housing is generally average.
There are some incline of social interaction intensity after they move to the flats, from 42.9% to 46.2%. It is the same for the social activity duration, which increase from 15-45 minutes to 1-2 hours.
Based on observation and open interview, this incline of social interaction intensity and duration was caused by the relation between residents since lived in horizontal neighborhood. This also happened due to the transformation of interaction space, where it was scattered around in horizontal neighborhood, and centralized in smaller scale in the flats. This new environment also supported by communal facilities which make them easier to meet with others.
Activity Location Pattern
Social interaction activity location pattern in both horizontal and vertical neighborhood are relatively the same. The most favorite interaction spot horizontal neighborhoods are on the terrace or the front yard (42.3%), as the rest are in alley ways (21.2%) and open field (13.5%). On the other hand, the spot that most likely used for social interaction is the corridor (32.1%) and ground level of the flats that consist of open field (32.1%) and hall/lobby (18.9%).
Accessibility factor is the reason of those chosen social interaction spots, like in horizontal neighborhood (71.4%) and vertical neighborhood (61.5%). Similarity of social interaction space physical characteristic is also become one of the influencing factor, such as the similarity between alley and units’ corridor.
Activity Time Pattern
Based on comparison in table 4, time pattern in both horizontal and vertical neighborhood are relatively the same. Social interaction activities majorly happen from daytime until evening, which is 37% and 26.7% in the horizontal neighborhood and 35.4% and 31.3% for vertical neighborhood.
Those chosen times are caused by residents’ occupation background that majorly are housewives and workers that are away from morning until late afternoon.
Activity User Pattern
The scale number of social activity performer incline, from 3-5 people (39,3%) in horizontal neighborhood, until more than 10 people (35.7%).
It is factorized by neighborhood scale and gathering event schedule of Industri Dalam Flats residents.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL INTERACTION ADAPTATION PATTERN IN CIGUGUR TENGAH FLATS
Communal Space Usage Pattern in Cigugur Tengah Flats
As in Industri Dalam flats, the identification process of the social interaction adaptation pattern in Cigugur Tengah flats starts from the observation of the social interaction form and the spaces that are created from the interaction process by observing and interviewing some of the inhabitants.
The observation is done through every floor of tower A and B–for these towers have the similar facilities as Industri Dalam flats, where the bathroom and kitchen are located inside every unit—by mapping the utilization pattern of the shared space. The usage pattern of the communal space mapping can be seen in picture 8, 9 and 10.
Figure 8. The use of communal spaces pattern on 1st-3rd floor area of Cigugur Tengah flats, llock A
Source: Authors’ analysis (spatial map is adapted from flats’ manager data)
Figure 9. Usage of shared space in 1st-3rd floor of Tower B in Cigugur Tengah Flat Source: Authors’ analysis (spatial map is adaptaed from flat’s manager data)
Figure 10. Usage of shared space in ground floor of Cigugur Tengah Flat Source: Authors’ analysis (spatial map is adaptaed from flat’s manager data) Based on the observation and interview, some places are identified as social interaction place, such as (1) parking area/open field, (2) hall/
lobby, (3) corridor and (4) mosque. The type of interaction, subject type and the number subjects involved are also identified in every location.
The conclusion of the identification is summarized in table 5 (see below).
Table 5. Classification of communal space usage pattern in Cigugur Tengah Flats
Source: Authors’ analysis