C. Discussion
1. The Forms of Code-Switching
In addition to interviews, researcher found code-switching and code-mixing factors that occurred at the As-Sa'idiyyah 2 Islamic boarding school from the results of observations. From the factor theory explained in chapter 2, there are ten factors of code-switching and code-mixing. But in the observation results, the researcher only found six factors causing code-switching and code-mixing at the As-Sa'idiyyah 2 Islamic Boarding School. The following are the factors, talking a particular topic, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and to soften or strengthen a request or command. As for the factors that were not found, there were four: quoting somebody else, expressing group identity, because of real lexical need, to exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience.
a. Tag Code-Switching
Tag code-switching is simply the insertion of a tag in one language in an utterance which is entirely in the other language. The researcher found some tag code-switching which used by students and committee in speaking during daily conversation. In this data, the researcher provides some examples of tag code- switching.
“Really? Terus sopo sing delok storyne Abid?”61
The word "code-Switching" was shown in italics as symbolic or tag- switching. The English phrase "Really?" asks if the assertion given by the listener's friend is true. The speaker changes the code to Indonesian after saying "really?" in English.
“Sure? Mbak aku lo mau kumpulan orda.”62
"Sure?" same as the previous short expression. The speaker uses this short expression to make sure it is true or not because the speaker is surprised by his friend's statement.
Okey, kutunggu ya, thanks!63
"Thanks!" Due to the fact that tag switching frequently occurs in sentence tags, the words in italics above refer to "Code-Switching through emblematic switching" or "tag switching." The tag flipping is exclamatory in this utterance.
S1 : Ayo jepek mangan!
S1 : Akehe!? Who is that?
S1 : Lah why Alfiyah karo Suhel?64
61 Appendix of observation, data 7, p.
62 Ibid, data 12, p.
63 Ibid, data 14, p.
64 Ibid, data 21, p.
“Who is that?” and “lah why…?” was language switched by the speaker in her utterance. The speaker used an emphasized tone to clarify the point, and there is a question word, according to the researcher, which suggests that the italicized line is a case of tag switching.
b. Inter-Sentential Code-Switching
Code-switching at the clause or sentence border is known as inter-sentential code-switching. The researcher discovered some information about inter-sentential code-switching from the data. The following examples are analyzed:
C2 : Where is?
C2 : Hallo, Assalamu’alaikum, pripun bu? Ohh ngoten nggih bu. Nggih bu nggih, namung jenengan sanjang riyen kalih bu nyai. Nggih ibu, sami- sami, wa’alaikumsalam.
C2 : Later, if you wanna go home, firstly, you have to get permission from Bu Nyai, then permission to the committee.65
In the above excerpt, a committee 2 initially responded to a committee 1’s conversation in English. Then the committee 1 gave the committee 2 a cell phone with his mother on a voice call. When they started talking to the committee 1's mothers, the committee 2 used Javanese and switching to using English when talking to committee 1. As is evident, there is a transition between sentence boundaries. So, this extract includes inter-sentential code-switching.
C : Don’t lose this kitab, because it’s requirements to follow the diniyyah exam. Just keep it well!
C: Jika kalian menghilangkan kitab ini, kalian tidak akan bisa mengikuti ujian, apakah kalian paham?66
Because of the data's depiction of a language changeover between sentences—from English to Indonesian—it is classified as inter-sentential switching. The committee said, "Don't lose this kitab, because it's requirements to
65 Ibid, data 13, p.
66 Ibid, data 15, p.
follow the diniyyah exam. Just keep it well!" It is English that then followed Indonesian. "Jika kalian menghilangkan kitab ini, kalian tidak akan bisa mengikuti ujian, apakah kalian paham?"
From the sentences used by the committee when speaking, at first he used English and made the switch to Indonesian. Then the above data can be categorized as inter-sentential code-switching.
Because the speaker utilized English in the first sentence before switching to Indonesian in the second, this data included inter-sentential code-switching. The assertion made by Susanto that "inter-sentential code-switching is the switch involving moving from one language to another language between the sentence" is appropriate. 67
c. Intra-Sentential Code-Switching
The sort of code-switching known as intra-sentential switching is a language change that occurs in the middle of a sentence without any pause, hesitation, or breaks to indicate a change. The researcher discovered that compared to tag switching and inter-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching accounts for a more significant fraction of code-switching. The researcher offers a few inter- sentential switching examples in this data.
R : Nggih ibu.
R : Izza, ibu call you! Hurry up Za, hurry up. Ibu call u since early.
R : Sure, just go to ndalem. I think ibu wait you so long, hurry up.68
In this conversation, the basic language used is English, but there are several words and phrases in Indonesian and Javanese. The speaker switches the language
67 Susanto, Djoko. (2006). Code switching In Indonesian Islamic Religious Discourse. A Sociolinguistic Prespective. A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of queensland, Australia. Hal 48
68 Appendix of observation, data 9, p.
in the middle of the statement without pausing, hesitating, or breaking to indicate a change that reflects the switching.
C : C’mon عامتجا! C’mon as soon as possible. C’mon, endi iki kok gak onok wonge. Already all?
C : Okey, tonight we have a celebration of our prophet’s birthday and santri day, isn’t it?
C : So, for the dress code you can wear gamis and for the colour up to you, but you may not wear gamis that over all model, do you understand guys?69
A : How much do you need?
A : Where is your book before?
A : Kok bisa hilang seh? Makanya barangmu itu keep it well.
A : Just keep this book well, awas kalo hilang lagi!70
The type of code-switching used in extracts 23 and 28 were based on the italicized sentence and included intra-sentential switching. Intra-sentential switching occurs when one clause or sentence is in one language, and the next clause or sentence is in a different language without any pause. As can be observed from extract 23, "endi iki kok gak onok wonge" is a sentence in Javanese, but the speaker seamlessly moves to another language in the next sentence.
2. The Forms of Code-Mixing