CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2. The Nature of E-Learning
E-learning or we know as online learning is learning by using open and distributed environment pedagogic tools, internet, technology-based networks, to facilitate learning and build knowledge through action and interaction (Dabbagh and Ritland, 2005). In addition, Goyal (2012) said E-learning is the future of education as it is interactive, interesting and entertaining way of learning, and will soon replace the paper books in the form of touch screen tablets.
While Holmes and Gardner (2006) state that e-learning offers new opportunities for instructors and participants students to enrich the learning experience and teach through a virtual environment that support not only in the delivery but also the exploration and application of information. E-learning has been promoted as being more cost effective, convenient, and increasing opportunities for lifelong learning. It has demonstrated several advantages over traditional learning, especially in allowing “learning anytime and anywhere”. Students have access to online course materials independent of time and place. It also allows students to reflect on the learning materials and their responses, and permits them to
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work at their own pace, regardless of race, sex, disability or appearance (Swan et al, 2000).
Also, Indrakusuma and Putri (2016) explained that e-learning is one of the new routes of the cycle of education and learning, and is the condensation of electronic realization that explicitly uses the Web as a learning framework. The materials provided to students through E-learning are available anytime, anywhere, despite the fact that educators are getting materials to enhance or provide a range of supportive learning assets, including multimedia, which can be maintained.
From some expert opinions above, it can be concluded that e- learning is an approach innovative way to distribute good designs, learner-centered learning, interactive, and learning for everyone, anytime only by using the attributes and sources of various digital technologies during the material the learning is suitable for learning open, flexible, and learning environment.
b. Characterictics of E-Learning
According to Susilana and Riyana (2007), E-learning has four characteristic, as follows:
1) Student appeals for learning materials are teacher / student independent. Because the understudy is to develop insights using rubber-like data conveyed by the sites interface.
2) Resources are all over and anyone can effortlessly get them.
This is due to the global nature of web media and is available to all this related individual.
3) Learning / educational institutions act as mediators / teachers.
4) Get in the restructuring of executives who can keep optimal use of educational framework arrays, educational programs, and educational informations and communication technologies.
According to Triyono and Pipit (2017), the characteristics of e-learning are use of technology-based advantages digital network in collecting, store, and share information or accessible learning materials someday. Teaching materials can be learned by students independently. There are elements interactivity with support communication features, and score output on appraisal and feedback appears after students do the assessment.
According to Wulandari (2017), The characteristics of E- learning described include: Interactivity; availability of more lines of communication. Utilize electronic technology services so that can obtain information and perform easy and fast communication.
Utilize computer media, such as computer networks or digital media. Using self learning materials. Learning materials can be saved computer. Using the computer for learning process and also to find out learning progress results.
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From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the characteristics of e-learning are learning is done remotely, communication is done using a computer/smartphone, students can learn anytime and anywhere (flexible learning), learning uses an internet connection, and others.
c. Benefits of E-Learning
According to Kusmana (2011), The advantages of e-learning are as follows:
1) Facilitate regular communication or anytime communication activities teachers and students through internet facilities.
2) The teacher can assess the extent of the material teaching that has been learned. As for students can use teaching materials or structured learning instructions through Internet.
3) Teaching materials can be repeated at any time and students can learn.
4) Can add insight and knowledge
5) broad knowledge and carry out discussions via the internet 6) Make students more active.
7) E-learning learning is relatively more efficient.
According to Silahuddin (2015) several advantages possessed in e-learning learning, among others:
1) Providing convenience and understanding of learning material to students.
2) Gives interesting meaning to student.
3) Facilitate the process of information and communication.
4) Become the interest of students' attention in Indonesian language learning in the era of digital.
5) Save time and cost.
The benefits of E-learning according to Pranoto et al (2009) are:
1) Use of E-learning to support implementation of the learning process can improve students on the material learn.
2) Increase the active participation of college student.
3) Increase the active participation of college student.
4) Improve self-study skills college student.
5) Improving the quality of teaching materials and training.
6) Improve display ability information with technology tools information where the biased device is difficult overcome.
Based on explanation above, E-learning has many benefits including students can learn anytime and anywhere (flexible learning), save time and money, students can learn on their own with focus, students can use technology in learning, students can freely learn and browse material they don't understand. .
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d. Disadvantages of E-Learning
The disadvantages of e-learning described by Nursalam in Indrakusuma and Putri (2016) are as follows:
1) Lack of interactions among educators and students, and indeed among student itself.
2) The process of educating and learning tends to training instead of education itself.
3) Changing the part of learners, mastering traditional learning methods from the original, now it is also necessary to use ICT (information, communication and technology) to develop learning methods.
4) Not all places and regions have a stable internet network.
5) Lack of qualified human resources on internet savvy.
6) For students, using the right computer is inherently challenging.
7) The learner could become frustrated when they can not access pictures, videos and graphics due to improper devices (hardware and software).
8) The learner can feel isolated.
Furthermore, according to Silahuddin (2015) weaknesses obtained of e-learning are as follows:
1) Not all teachers and students understand technology use.
2) The initial stage of e-learning requires the cost is quite expensive because need infrastructure or good programming.
Kusmana (2011) also suggests the shortcomings of E- Learning, as follows:
1) Lack of direct interaction between students and teachers, even between students with students.
2) Students who have learning motivation low are likely to fail.
3) Lack of mastery of technology.
From explanation above, there are several deficiency in E- Learning such as many students who do not understand the subject matter, not everyone who understands technology, lack of interaction between students and teachers, lack of internet connection and so on.
3. The Nature of Dictionary