IN PALOH DISTRICT, SAMBAS, WEST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
II. THEORITICAL APPROACH Role
Role, referring to Horton and Hunt’s (1996) explanation is the expected behavior of a person or group having a status.
Furthermore, status is a person’s position in a group or the position of a group in relation to other groups. In other words, Horton and Hunt call status as a set of rights and obligations, whereas roles are a characterization of the set of duties and rights. Role perception presupposes a fraction of expectations. We are expected to act in certain ways and to persuade others to act in certain ways. Referring to the explanation, then in this study, the role does not refer to the individual but on a concept that is social network. Thus, this study examines how the role of social network in border communities in maintaining life in the border area is synonymous with various limitations.
Social Interaction
Simply put, social interaction can be defined as dynamic social relationships. Social interaction is the contact or mutual relationship between individuals, between groups, or between individuals and between groups (Anwar and Adang, 2013). Social interaction is the starting point of a social event and has a specific purpose. People act and react to others in order to achieve certain goals. According to Gillin (1954), the process of social interaction can occur with following conditions: the existence of social contact and the existence of communication. Social contact can occur in the form of: between
individuals, between individuals and groups, and between groups.
Human interactions are influenced by environmental factors. In this context, the environment consists of physical environment and social environment. The social environment is divided into primary environment, namely the environment whose members know each other and the secondary environment, namely the environment whose members are loose. In this study, social interactions were studied within social interaction between community groups residing in Paloh District and community groups located in Melano, Sarawak, Malaysia. By examining the social interaction between them, it can be seen that the role of social network occurs in the community in the border areas between Indonesia and Malaysia located in Paloh District.
Social Network
A social network is a grouping of three or more people, each of whom has an identity and is linked through existing social relationships, so that through that relationship they can be grouped as a social unity. The pattern of interaction that exists between individuals and groups is referred to as social relations and social relationships that will form a social network. Relationships that exist between them in the form of social networks are generally not an official relationship (Sumantri MC, 2015). Additionally, social networks are defined as a set of specific or specific relationships formed between a group of people, in which the characteristics of those relationships can be used to interpret the motives of social behavior of the people involved (Mitchell 1969, in Haryono, tt).
According to Ruddy (2007, in Arda: 2010), social networks are divided into three types: (1) power network, in which the relationship formed by the power-related social relations. (2) the interest network, in which the relationship formed by the social relationship of interest, it is meaningful to the specific purposes.
If concrete or specific goals or interests have been achieved, the relationship ends. Nonetheless, if the goal is not concrete (abstract), then the structure is relatively stable and permanent, and (3) the feeling network (sentiment), formed on the basis of a social relationship with feelings and social relations itself becomes the
goal and social action. The structures formed tend to be steady and permanent, while the relationships tend to be closed and continuous.
Thus, there emerged a relatively strong emotional control between the perpetrators. In fact, a social network is not only constituted by a social one, but there is often overlapping between the three types of social relationships.
Barnes (1969) mentioned that society establishes social ties based on the elements of kinship, neighborliness and friendship.
These bonds can take place between those with equal or disproportionate socioe-conomic status. The bonds of kinship, neighbor and friendship networks are not exclusive. In the established networks, the social relationships and membership extend beyond the territorial boundaries and the existence of the people concerned (Haryono, 1999).
Social Capital
Putnam’s social capital (1993: 169) is part of a social organization (trust, norm and network) which can improve people’s efficiency in facilitating coordinated action. In this context, networks and shared sets of values are at the heart of the concept of social capital. By building rapport between individuals and groups and keeping it going all the time, both individuals and groups can work together to achieve goals on things that cannot be done alone. Individuals or groups that are related through social networks, tend to have a common value with other members in a network and as long as the network has resources, then those networks can be viewed as social capital. In this study, the concept of social capital is used to see the social interactions of people at the border in forming social networks between them.
Adaptation Strategies
Adaptation strategy in this research is defined by the way people adapt to their environment, both physical and social environment.
Adaptation in the context of social science refers to the explanation of Rappaport (in Giddens, 2016) as a process used by individuals or groups of individuals through responsive changes on circumstances to maintain homeostasis in the face of environmental change
both in the short and long term. In addition, adaptation can also be interpreted as control of the environment. Adaptation with nature will shape cultural technology and derivatively form its social and ideological components. The perfect result of the adaptive process is an integrated cultural totality and overcomes the double selective influence of nature on the one hand, and the cultural impact on the other (Gidden, 2016). In this study, the concept of adaptation strategy is used to analyze the community of border areas in an effort to maintain their life by adapting to the natural and social environment through social interaction in daily life. Furthermore, Adimiharja (1993: 11) states that adaptation is a human effort or a living thing to adapt to a particular environment in utilizing resources to cope or face urgent problems. In this case, adaptation demands the development of behavioral patterns, which ultimately helps an organism to be able to utilize a particular environment for its sake, both to obtain food and to escape from harm.
Border Area
Geographically, Indonesia has two dimensions of borders, namely the land border area and the sea border area. Indonesia has direct borders on land border areas with three countries, namely: Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste. In the border area of the sea, Indonesia is directly bordered by ten countries, namely: Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Palau Republic, Australia, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea. Land border areas in Indonesia are located in four provinces, namely: West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. Meanwhile, in the sea border area, there are six provinces, namely: Riau, East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Papua and East Nusa Tenggara.
The border regions have considerable potential natural resources, but the number of people in the area is still rare, so that potential cannot be utilized optimally (Nurisnaeny, 2013).
The border area of a country is a major manifestation of state’s sovereignty. The border area described in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No 43 Year 2008 on State Sovereignty, as part of the territory of Indonesia which lies on the inside part of the boundary of Indonesia with other countries, in the case of land border area, Border Area is in
the Sub District. Martinez in his book Border People explains that there are four interaction models on the border: (1) alienated borderlands, (2) coexistent borderlands, (3) interdependent borderlands, and (4) integrated borderlands. In alienated model, tension prevails, border is functionally closed, and cross-border interaction is almost absent.
Residents of each country interact as strangers. In coexistent model, borderlands’ stability is an on-and-off proportion. The borders are slightly open, allowing for development of limited nations’
interaction. Residents of each country deal with each other as casual acquaintances, but borderlands develop closer relationships. In interdependent borderlands model, stability prevails most of the time, economic aspect as social complementary prompts increased cross-border interaction, leading to expansion of the borderlands.
Borderlands carry on friendly and cooperative relationships. In the integrated borderlands model, stability is strong and permanent. The economics of the two countries are functionally merged and there is unrestricted movement of people and goods across the boundary.
Borderland people perceive themselves as member of one social system. In this research, the concept of interaction model in border areas described by Martinez as used to analyze the interaction among people in Paloh District, so that based on this interaction model, the character of border people in Paloh District and how social network formed in the region can be identified. Thus, the role of social network in the border community can be analyzed comprehensively based on the interaction model that occurs in the border areas.