UNION BAY

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

1. UNION BAY

40 PROCEEDiyO^ or THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol.44.

SOgraphicallydescribed

by

^lurbach andShearer(1903),because the lowergastricwallshowsnosigns ofcontraction.

The

gonads afford another instance of variability, for in large specimens

new

canals areinterpolated in an entirely iiTegiilarway.

In the present specimens thereisavarying

number

of

young

canals,

some

ofwhich are still blind,while others have reachetl the ring canal. Preexisting canals, too, can bi- or tri-furcate, though this is less

common,

and occasionally two ^canals unite.

But

there is

neveras

much

anastomosisasisseeninlargespecimensofA.pensile.

Gonads

areformed onthe

young

canals

when

theyreach the margin, and accordingas

more

or fewerof thecanalsare of recent growth large or small gonads preponderate in a given individual. In all of theAlbatross specimens most of the canalsare old; forexample, inanindividualof 50

mm.

with 73 canals thereare67large gonads, andtheremaining16 canalshavenone.

2.var.ALBIDA.

Dutch

Harbor,

May

25, surface; 2specimens, about 120and about 165nrni.indiameter; informalin.

These specimensarein fairlygoodanatomicalcondition,but they are

much

flattened,and the gelatinous substanceis veryhard, their appearancesuggesting that they were first put in alcohol.

Under

the cu'cumstances nothing can be said aboutgeneral form further than tonote that thesubumbrellais smooth.

In thelargerspecimenthere are227 canalsand about 675tentacles of different ages, old and

young

roughlyalternating. Severalsmall segments of the margin are destroyed, but whereveritis intact, as it isover mostof the circumference, theratiobetween tentaclesand canalsissHghtly

more

than3:1. Thus,over 25 canals Icounted 84 tentaclesand 3rudimentary knobs.

In the smallerspecimen there are 171 canalsand 549 tentacles

—

thatis,aratioof slightly

more

than ^3:1

—

^{and about10} rudimentary knobs. Specimens from Newfoundland and

Grand Manan

give the following data: diameter85

mm.,

81 canals, about380tentacles,and about12 knobs (72 tentaclesand 3 knobs over 15 canals);diameter 69

mm.,

97 canals,about 370 tentacles, and 90 knobs (53 tentacles and 12 knobs over 14canals); diameter 55

mm.,

99canals,204 ten- tacles,

and

about75 knobs.

The

tentacle-bulbsare fusiform, slightly flattened laterally, and narrower at theirjunctionwith the margin;

they do not clasp the exumbrella. Thereis an excretorypapillaat the base of each tentacle,though it might easilybe overlooked in theBeringSea specimens owingto distortion.

Stomachandmouth.

—

In thelargerspecimenthestomachisabout 85 or 90

mm.

in diameter;inthe smallerabout 63

mm. —

^thatis,in

eachit isslightly

more

thanhalf asbroadasthebellasawhole;and in each the

mouth

is nearly closed by long pointed lips, which are

NO.1946. PACIFIC

MEDUSAE AND SIPHONOPHORAE—BIGELOW. 41 much

less numerous than the canals; for example, in the larger specimentherewereonly 10hpscorresponding to37canals.

Gonads.

— Each

canal bears a well developed gonad.

Color.

— No

pigmentisevident,butit

may

have beendestroyedby })reservation.

AEQUOREAPENSILE(Modeer)Haeckel.

MedtisapensileModeer,1791, p. 32.

(Forsynonymy,seeMayer,1910, p. 333.)

Station 4961, 33-0 fathoms; 9 rather fragmentary specimens, 25-45

mm.

in diameter.

The

greaterpartof themargin is torn offin all of thespecimens, so that it is impossible to count the tentacles; but on the portions whichare intactthere are 10-12 canalsbetweeneverytwotentacles, and the tentacular bases are broad, extending

more

orlessalong the bellmargin. In theserespects, aswell as in having alarge

number

of canals, a very thicklenticular disk,and in the absenceof excre- torypapillae,which,ofcourse, I speciallysought,thespecimensagree with better preserved examplesof pensile from the Philippines.

Order TRACHOMEDUSAE.

Family

PETASIDAE

Haeckel, 1879. (Browne, 1904; Bigelow, 1909a.)

Genus OLINDIOIDES

Goto,1903.

OLINDIOIDESFORMOSAGoto.

Olindioidesformosa Goto,1903,p.3,pi.1, figs.1-9; pi.2, figs.14-16;pi.3, figs.

17-20.—Maas,1909,p.29.—Mayer,1910, p. 358.

Station 4883, surface ?; 1 specimen,50

mm.

indiameter.

Station 4884,53-0 fathoms;11specimens,32-110

mm.

indiameter.

Station 4885, 53-0 fathoms; 2 specimens, 45 and 125

mm.

in diameter.

These few specimens agree verywell with the excellent accounts of

much

larger series given

by

Goto

and by

Maas.

Family

PTYCHOGASTRIDAE

Mayer, 1910.

Genus PTYCHOGASTRIA Allman,

1878.

PTYCHOGASTRIA POLARISAllman.

PtychogastriapolarisALLMA^f, 1878,p.290.

—

Browne,1903, p. 24, pi.4, figs. 1,2;

pi.5,figs.6,8.—Bigelow,1909c,p.310.

Pectyllis arcticaHaeckel,1879,p.266; 1881,p. 11, pis.3,4.

(Forfullsynonymy,seeMayer,1910,p. 372.)

Station 4781 (Bering Sea),30-0 fathoms;7specimens, 10-18

mm.

in diameter;

much

contracted.

42 PROCEEDINOS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol. 44.

Station3325 (BeringSea),109-0 fathoms, August, 1890;1specimen.

Unfortunately all of the specimens are in poor condition, the exumbrellabeing

much damaged

andthemarginso nearlydestroyed that thereisnota single tentacleor sense-clubintact.

But

specific identification restsonacomparison withabetter seriesfrom Labrador (Bigelow, 1909c,p. 310). Intwo examplesthe subumbrclla, gonads, and

manubrium

are ingoodcondition, and

show

clearlythat

Browne

(1903)wasentirelycorrect in hisdescription ofthegonadsassituated exclusivelyon thewalls of the

manubrium

entirely independent of theradial canals. Inboththespecimensinquestion thegonads are discontuiuous along thenarrowline ofattachmentofthe mesenteries tothe

manubrium

just astheywerein

my

Labrador specimens and those described

by

Browne, aswell as in theinterradii,sothat there are16separate adradial sexual masses.

Inonespecimenthe

mouth

is protrudedin atubeofconsiderable length; in the other it is contracted; in both the lip is simple and

circular.

Ptychogastria polaris is kno^v^l from the coast of

Nova

Scotia, Labrador, Greenland, Spitzbergen, Norway, the north coast of Russia, and BarentsSea.

Family

TRACHYNEMIDAE

Gegenbaur, 1856.

Genus AGLAURA Peron and

Lesueur, 1809.

AGLAURAHEMISTOMAPeronandLesueur.

Aglaura hemistomaPeron and Lesueur,1809, p. 351.

(Forsynonymy,seeBigelow, 1909a,p. 119,and Mayer,1910, p. 398.)

Station 4896,surface; 10specimens, 1.5-4

mm.

high.

SadoIsland,SeaofJapan,surface; 14specimens,1.5-3

mm.

high.

Station 4955,surface; 2specimens.

The

specimens

show

variation ingeneral form,

some

being higher and narrower, otherslowerand^broader; butallare circular in cross section, andsoweretheJapanese specimensstudied

by Maas

(1909).

The

smaDest, 1.5

mm.

high, have no gonads, but these organs are visible in

some

2.5

mm.

high, and are well developed in the larger specimens.

Genus AGLANTHA

Haeckel, 1879.

The

collection contains a considerable series of Aglantha, and though mostof the specimens are inpoorconditionthey

show

that they belongto a largeform with

more

thanfour[probablynormally eight] otocysts, and that the gonads first appear in specimens8-10

mm.

high.

They

thus agreewith thelarger of thetwosize-varieties ofAglantliavfhichl recorded fromLabrador (1909c),and these

same

characters distinguish a series collected

by

the Michael Sars ⁱⁿ the

NO.1946. PACIFIC

MEDUSAE AND SIPIIONOPHORAE—BIGELOW.

₄₃ Faroe Channelin August, 1910, between 1,000

and

500 meters, for whichIhavetothank DoctorBroch.

In describing theLabradorcollection Iused the

name

rosea,follow- ing Bro^\^le (1903),

Maas

(19066),and Hartlaub(1909a),

who

separate roseawitheightotocysts fromdigitalewithfour.

But Mayer

(1910) has found that there is no discontinuity in this character, because specimens

may

normallyhave3,4, 5, 6,or8,

and

allthelarge speci-

mens

studiedb}"

me

have6-8otocysts, ifthoseorgans are visible at all, which is very often not the case.

The

otocysts are so easily detachedinAglanthathat theidentification of

many

ofthecollections whichhave been recorded as digitale or as rosea rests on no

more

certain ground than size or geographic location; but there is cer- tainlynocorrelationbetweensizeand

number

of otocysts, for Ihave seenspecimens from 29-30

mm.

high, as well as

some

withlargegonads of only 10-15

mm,

with eight of these organs (1909c). For these reasons it isprobable that

Mayer

(1910)

was

justifiedin uniting the two species,

and

I therefore follow him, referring the present col- lection todigitale.

But

revision,whichthegenusisinurgentneedof, willprobably

show

that thelatterhasseveral size-varieties.

AGLANTHADIGITALE(Fabricius)Haeckel.

MedusadigitaleFabricius,1780, p. 366.

(Forsynonymy,seeMayer,1910, p. 402.)

The

species

was

takenatthe followingstations: 4758, 4759, 4760,

Dutch

Harbor,4762, 4763, 4766, 4767, 4775, 4783, 4785^ 4793, 4797, 4800, 4805, 4806, 4810, 4818, 4819, 4820, 4830, 4831, 4847, 4866,5030, bothon the surface

and

inhaulswith opennets from300 fathoms.

The

series consists of about 300 specimens ranging in height from 8-25

mm.

The

few specimens which wereingoodenoughconditionto

show

the otocysts afforded the following data:

LocaKty.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MU8EUM.

vol. 44.

Genus RHOPALONEMA Gegenbaur,

18S6.

RHOPALONEMA VELATUMGegenbaur.

RhopalonemavelatumGegenbaur,1856, p. 251, pi.9,pp.^1-5.

(Koraynonymy,seeBigelow, 1909o,p. 129,and Mayer,1910, p. 378.)

Station 4897, 150-0 fathoms;3specimens,about7

mm.

indiametor.

Station 4020,300-0 fathoms; 4specimens, 6-9

mm.

in dianictor.

Station 497S,surface; 6specimens,8-10

mm.

indiameter.

Station 5064, 300-0 fathoms; 2specimens, fi'agmentary.

Tliespecimensare sobattered thatitisimpossibletoadd anything to the earlier accounts of the species further than that all

show

a well-marked apicalthickeningortop knot.

Genus PANTACHOGON Maas,

1893.

HomoeonemaVanhoffen(19026);Mayer(1910, part).

IsonemaMaas(1906«).

NotIlomoeoneviaMaas(1893).—Browne(1903).

Trachynemidaewith

numerous

tentacles, inonerow,andall alike;

withoutpeduncle.

The

genusIsonema

was

instituted

by Maas

fortwospecies,

amplum

Vanhoffen andmacrogasterVanhoffen,inwhich thegonadsarespher- ical and lie close to the

manubrium. But

studies ofaseriesofP.

haeckelihave convinced

me

that thepreciselocation oftheseorgans on the canalsis betterused asaspecific character.

The

genus, as hereamplified,includes six species,

Homoeonema

militareMaas,Ho-

moeonema amplum

Vanlioffen,

Homoeonema

macrogaster Vanhoffen, PantacJiogonruhrumYsLnhoSen, PantachogonscottiBrowne, and

Pan-

tachogon haeckeli Maas, the last being the type.

Homoeonema

pla- tygonon

Maas

is grouped withthe preceding

by Mayer

(1910),but

Maas

(19066) has pointed out that its type specimen belongs to a different family, the Halicreasidae.

The

positionofthegonadsseparates the

members

ofPantachogon into threegroups,

amplum

and macrogasterin which they are close to the

manubrium;

militare in which they are limited to the distal half of the canals; and haeclceli, scotti, and ruhrum, in which they occupynearly thewholelengthofthecanals. Itisdoubtfulwhether thefirsttwo are separablefromeachother, and the

same

is trueof haeclceli and ruhrum, which can be told apart only

by

the brilliant red color ofthelatter. Scottiis distinguishedfromthe lasttwo

by

its

more

numeroustentacles (about 120 insteadof 64).

PANTACHOGONHAECKELIMaas.

Plate3,%s.4-8.

PantachogonhaeckeliUaas,1893, p. 17, pi.J,fit,'. 2;1904, p.29.—Mayer, 1910, p. 389,^fig.239.

Station 4758, 300-0 fathoms;7 specimens.

Station 4760, 300fathoms;7specimens.

NO. 1946. PACIFIC

MEDUSAE AND SIPHONOPHORAE—BIGELOW.

₄₅ Station 4763, 300fathoms; 18specimens.

Station 4764, 1130-0fathoms;2specimens.

Station 4766,300-0 fathoms; 10specimens.

Station 4767,300-0 fathoms; 12specimens.

Station 4774,557-0 fathoms; 1specimen.

Station 4775,200-0 fathoms; 24specimens;excellent condition.

Station 4800, 300-0 fathoms; 14specimens.

Station 5030, 1800-0fathoms;4 specimens; fragmentary.

Most of the specimens are in good condition, except that the tentacles are broken short off.

The

series ranges in height from 5-19

mm. Up

tothe presenttime onlytwo specimensoftliisspecies have beenrecorded,oAe

young

(Maas, 1893, 8mm.), the otherfrag- mentary (Maas, 19046).

In general outline the specimens are thimble-shaped, with deep

bellcavity,andthin gelatinoussubstance(pi. 3,fig.4);mostof

them

areaboutasbroadas high,butseveralare proportionately broader, thoughin good condition. Probably the differences

m

^thisrespect betweendifferentspecimensareduetovaryingstates ofcontraction.

The

exumbrellais

marked by

aregularseriesofmeridional furrows,

nmning

from apex to

margm,

thirty-two in everylargespecimenin which I could count them; thesubumbrella is extremely muscular.

Manubrium.

— ^{The manubrium}

^is flask-shaped, sessile, without a trace ofpeduncle, the

mouth

surrounded

by

four pointedlips (pi. 3, fig.8).

Intheoriginalspecimenofliaeckelitheeight gonads extendedthe wholelengthofthe radial canals,

formmg

several irregular thicken- ings on each. Very

much

the

same

conditionis to be seen also in oursmallspecimens,6-8

mm.

high (pi. 3,fig.5),inwhicheach canal bearsfrom 2-4sexualswellings, connectedornot according to their age.

But

thesexual centersdonotremainindependent,forasgrowth progresses,sex-tissueis developed along almost the entire lengthof eachcanal,connecting

them

inacontinuous ridge(pi. 3,^fig.6),which finallytakesona

wavy

form _{(pi. 3,}fig. 7).

The

developmentof the gonadsisveryirregular,not onlyin different specimens,butoftenin thedifferent canalsofagiven specimen, andthelargestgonads were foundin a specimenonly 14

mm.

high. Anotherfeatureadding to their irregularity is that in all the large specimens the sexual pro- ductshad been shed over the distal endof each gonad, as is

made

noticeable

by

a difference in color,thedistalpart beingwhiteinstead of brownish-yellow.

Marginal organs.

—

In every specimen, large andsmall, which

was

m

good enoughconditionto

show

thestumpsof thetentacles, there are 64, that is, 8 perradials and 7 subradials in each octant; and the

same

is truein P.ruhrum. Between the basesof thetentacles themarginisthickened,forming rounded prominencescrowdedwith

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol.44.

nematocysts, and there are 64 otocyst-clubs alternating with the tentacles, as inP.ruhrum. Structurally the clubs agreewithVan-

liofFen's (1902&) figure ofclubsofthe latterspecies.

Color.

— ^The

^{specimens are colorless,} the subunibrella highly iri- descent.

One

specimen appeared, at first sight, to have a reddish tinge, but on examination it proved that the color

was

confined to the exumbrella surface, and

was

evidently an accidentalstain. In P.ruhrum subumbrella and

manubrium

are rosyred.

Genus COLOBONEMA Vanhoffen,

1902.

ColobonemaMaas(1905).—Browne(1906).—Bigelow(1909a).

EomoconemaMayer(1910)^part.

The

one species of Colohonema3^et

known

ischaracterized

by

the orderofdevelopmentofitstentacles, ofwhichthe8 pcrradial,the16 adradial, andfinallythe 8 interradial appearsuccessively, 32 being the final

number

inevery specimen whichhas yet been examined.

Though

itisnot yet certain thatthistypeofsuccessionispeculiar to Colohonema,itiscertainlyunusual, and there isno evidence that it

occurs elsewhere.

Maas

(1905)and

Mayer

(1910)usethe

name

^?//>icii7)?,,believingthat sericeumVanhoffen isidenticalwiththeformfromthe Gulf of Cali- fornia earlierdescribed

by

theformer as

Homoeonema

typicum, and forthe sakeofuniformity the

same

courseisfollowedhere.

C. typicum Vanhoffenis

now known

to bea mesoplanktonic form ofverywidedistribution (BayofBiscay,west coastof Africa,Malay- sian region, Philippines, eastern tropical Pacific, and northwestern Pacific).

COLOBONEMATYPICUM(Maas).

HomoeonematypicumMaas,1897, p. 22, pi.3, figs.1-3.

(Forsynonymy,seeMayer,1910,p. 385.)

Station 4905,369-0 fathoms; 1specimen,about32

mm.

indiameter.

Station 4909,300-0 fathoms; 2specimens,40and30

mm.

indiam-

eter.

Station4917,361-0fathoms; 1specimen,about35

mm.

indiameter.

Station 4920,440-0 fathoms; 1specimen, 28

mm.

indiameter.

Station 5066,211-0 fathoms; 1specimen, 32

mm.

indiameter.

The

materialisnotgood enoughtoadd

much

totheearlieraccounts, butitis interesting asfurther evidence of the invariable

number

32, of tentacles, of which the interradial in each octant is always the smallest;andbecauseone specimen showsthe gonads, thetwo which are intactbeing nearly cylindrical,narrow and smooth, and extend- ingfromclosetotheapexnearlyto the margin,

much

the condition observed

by Maas

(1905).

No

otocysts were preserved, but one ^is intact inaspecimen fromthePhilippines.

The manubrium

usually hangstoaboutthe

mid

levelofthebell, but

may

becontracted.

NO. 1946.PACIFIC

MEDUSAE AND SIPHONOPHORAE—BIGELOW.

₄₇

Genus CROSSOTA Vanhoffen,

1902.

Thisinterestinggenus

was

foundedb}^Vanhoffenfor aTrachome- dusa, conspicuousforitsdense pigmentation,with8canals,8sausage- shaped gonads hanging fromthe canalsatthetopofthebell,ashort, broad manubrium, and several rows of tentacles of different ages.

Ithassincebeenrecorded

by me

(1909a)fromthe easternPacificexpe- dition oftheFisheriessteamerAlbatross.

The

original describerand

Maas

(1906&)grouped CrossotawithPtychogastna because of the ar- rangement ofthetentacles,and I (1909a.)followed the

same

course, though pointing out that it lacksthe mesenteries of PtycJiogastria, whilethetentacles arenotradiallygrouped.

But my own

studieson PtycJiogastria(1909c)have convinced

me

that Crossotahasnorelation- shipwithit,because thegonadsin PtycJiogastriaaredevelopedinthe wallsofthe manubrium, whereas in Crossota they are borne on the radial canals.

Mayer

(1910) groups the genus with Halicreas and Botrynema; butin Crossotathe

manubrium

ishighly organized, with distinct digestiveandlabialportions,while thetentacles, asthe present seriesshows, areof the usualTrachynemid type,insteadofhavinga distal spine such as is characteristic of Halicreas. In the original species of the genus, hrunnea, thetentaclesareinseveral rows, but ina

new

species inthecollection this arrangementislessdeveloped, andin

young

stages _(p.49) thetentaclesare inasinglerow.

With

these facts in view, I have no doubt that the phylogenetic relationship ofCrossotaiswiththeTrachynemidae,andespeciallywith suchgeneraasAglantJia andAglaura,whichitresemblesinitssense organs,itsgonads,andits

manubrium,

and from which^itdiffersonly inthearrangementoftentacles intheadult.

Two

species ofCrossotaweredescribed

by

Vanhoffen, hrunnea, the type,

and

norvegica; theonlydifferencebetween the twobeing that thelatter

was

of a brighter redcolor than hrunnea

and

thatit

had

gonads,thoughsmaller; distinctions so slightthatboth

Mayer

(1910) andI(1909a)haveclassednorvegicaasa

synonym

ofhrunnea.

But

the presentcollectionshowsthatI

went

toofarinuniting

them

unequivo- cally,foritcontainsalargeandexcellentlypreservedseriesfromBer- ingSea,allofthe''norvegica"type;

and

thoughthedifferencesbetween

them and

hrunneaareslight,the charactersseparating

them

fromthe latterareexactly thosetowhich Vanhoffencalled attention;thatis,

rather brighter color and the presence of gonads in smaller speci- mens,to whichI

may

addfewer tentaclesat maturity.

Now

these differencesareso slightthatthey

may

beevidenceofnothing

more

important than

swarm

variation suchasisso prevalentinAequorea.

But, onthe otherhand, the appearance oftypical norvegicaincold watersfar

removed

fromitstypelocalityseemsrathertosuggest that it

may

be a stable form. Before

we

can answer the question defi-

48 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^{vol. 44.}

nitelyone

way

ortheother

many more

Crossotasfromvariouslocali- ties

must

be studied with an eye to their variation.

And

as nor- vegicaisvery

much

closer to hrunnea thaniseither of thetwo

new

species inthecollection,the wisest course^isto classitforthe present as avarietyofth(>former.

The

two

new

speciesagreewith hrunneain theirgeneralform,inthe structureofthe gonads,inthearrangementofthetentacles inseveral rows,and oneof

them

at least in the structureofthesensoryclubs;

butthegonadsinbothareborneat orbelowthe mid-levelofthebell in the adult instead of near the apex, while one has a gelatinous peduncle.

The

presence of a peduncleis so important a character thatitmight be

made

thebasis of a

new

genus.

But

itseemsto

me

that to do so would tend to obscure the obvious affinity of the

medusa

inquestiontothe otherspecies of Crossota,andthatit isthere- forewiserto referittothat genus. Pigmentation,too,helpstosepa- rateoneof

them

inwhichit isrestricted tothemanubrium.

The

four

members

of Crossota

may

besummarizedas follows:

A. Nopeduncle.

1.Gonads hanging fromcanalsclose toapex. Subumbrella pigmented.

a. Gonads appearfirstwhenbellisabout16mm.indiameter hrunnea.

h. Gonadsvisible inspecimens only80mm.indiameter

hrunnea,var.norvegica.

2.Gonads hanging fromradialcanals ataboutthe mid-levelof bell. Manubrium heavilypigmented,but subumbrellaunpigmented alba,newspecies.

B.Manubriumsituatedon a gelatinouspeduncle; gonadsat orbelow mid-level of

bell;subumbrellapigmented pedunculata,newspecies.

CROSSOTABRUNNEAVanhoffen,var.NORVEGICAVanhbffen.

Crossota norvegicaVanhoffen,19026,p. 75.

—

Mayer,1910,p. 390,hg.249.

Crossotahrunnea(part)Bigelow,1909a,p. 135.

Station 4758,300-0 fathoms; 5 goodspecimens.

Station 4759,300-0 fathoms; 7fragmentaryspecimens.

Station 4760,300-0 fathoms; 12 specimens.

Station 4763,300-0 fathoms; 23 specimens.

Station 4764, 1,130-0fathoms; 3 specimens.

Station 4766,300-0 fathoms; 38specimens.

Station 4767,300-0fathoms; 15 specimens.

Station 4793,300-0 fathoms; 33 specimens.

Station 4797,300-0 fathoms; ¹specimen.

Station 4800,300-0fathoms; 18 specimens.

The

specimensrangefrom4

mm.

to22

mm.

indiameter,

and

asa whole theyare inafaircondition,while one,18

mm.

indiameter,is

more

nearlyperfectthananj^exampleofCrossotapreviously recorded.

They

are thimble-shaped,witha deepbell andwith the exumbrella

marked

by^alarge

number

ofshallow meridional fuiTOWs just as in Vanhoffen's material,

and

I can definitely announce that the adult Crossotahas senseclubs. Vanhoffenhas already described

them

ina