Yoga has become a fitness trend in Hong Kong. In the 1950s, yogis from India taught small groups of residents in Hong Kong. Graduates who became yoga teachers taught in local community centers. In the late 1990s, Westerners brought different yoga styles to Hong Kong. Starting in 2002, mega yoga stu- dios, operating under fitness centers, became very popular.
Hong Kong, having received yoga from India and the West, has to find its own interpretation of yoga. Because of the glamour and focus on bodily beauty, yoga has a quick-fix appeal. About 90% of yoga students are women, most of whom turn to yoga for weight loss. Yoga is not popular with older adults; they prefer tai chi and qigong, which originated in China.
Although an ancient philosophy and practice from India, yoga in Hong Kong has an added twist from the West. Most residents do yoga as a system of physical exercise. As in the United State, yoga teachers complain that yoga in Hong Kong has become commercial, fixated on the body, and lacking in spiri- tuality. Many residents do not understand the true meaning of yoga, which is to enhance physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. The power of yoga has been limited to improving body image and bringing about physical change.
The deeper dimension of yoga needs to be explored in Hong Kong. Some yoga teachers argue that yoga has undergone hundreds of years of research by ancient yoga practitioners, who observed the effects on their students. In recent years, a growing number of well-designed studies have affirmed the health benefits of yoga. Researchers have found that the practice of yoga is safe, useful, and cost-effective for a wide range of people. Ideally, yoga in Hong Kong, as in many modern cities, will evolve from a form of physical exer- cise to a commonly used, healthy way of life.
9. YogA 159 not produce statistically significant results. Even so, the NCCIH (2017) is funding many yoga studies with promising results.
Nursing would benefit from well-designed studies that address these research questions:
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● Which yoga practices are therapeutic for people with which health issues?
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● How can nurses and clients be encouraged to use yoga as self-care?
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● What are effective strategies for teaching nurses to use yoga as part of inte- grative nursing?
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● Why do yoga injuries occur and what can be done to prevent them?
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● What are ways for nurses to collaborate with hatha yoga teachers and yoga therapists?
New qualitative methodologies may be needed to study yoga as a holistic heal- ing system. Investigating the deeper dimension of yoga, rather than focusing on postures, will enrich the findings. Additional research will encourage nurses to use yoga for self-care and integrate yoga into nursing practice.
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AU: Author name has been changed from
“Yoga and Tibetan Medi- cine” to
“Center for Spir- ituality and Healing, Univer- sity of Min-nesota”.
Please con-firm.
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AU: Ar- ticle title has been changed from
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10
Biofeedback
Marion Good and Jaclene A. Zauszniewski
Biofeedback is a technique that teaches people how to gain more control of involunta ry bodily functions. Electronic sensors applied to the body allow a person to become more aware (feedback) of processes in his or her body (bio). Many differ- ent types of healthcare professionals rely on biofeedback to help their patients cope with a variety of conditions such as chronic pain, regain movement in paralyzed muscles, and learn to relax. Patients who suffer from migraine headaches, high blood pressure, and incontinence are just a few examples of those who can benefit from biofeedback therapy. This chapter provides an overview of biofeedback, its scientific basis, health conditions in which it is useful, and a technique that can be used by nurses trained in its practice.
DEFINITION
Biofeedback is based on holistic self-care perspectives in which (a) the mind and body are not separated and (b) people can learn ways to improve their health and performance. Biofeedback therapists use instruments and teach self-regulation strategies to help individuals increase voluntary control over their internal phys- iological and mental processes. Biofeedback instruments measure physiological activity such as muscle tension, skin temperature, cardiac activity, and brainwaves and then provide immediate and real-time feedback to the people in the form of visual and/or auditory signals that increase their awareness of internal processes.
The biofeedback therapist then teaches individuals to change these signals and to take a more active role in maintaining the health of their minds and bodies. The holistic and self-care philosophies underlying biofeedback and its focus on helping subjects gain more control over personal functioning make the intervention an appropriate one for nurses to use. over time, a person can learn to maintain these changes without continued use of a feedback instrument ( Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [ AAPB ], 2016 ).
164 II. MIND–BODY–SPIRIT THERAPIES
SCIENTIFIC BASIS
Biofeedback has been around longer and has a wider array of uses than one might think. The following data provide the basis for the use of biofeedback:
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● Biofeedback originated from research in the fields of psychophysiology, learn- ing theory, and behavioral theory. It has been used by nurses for decades and is consistent with self-care nursing theories.
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● For centuries, it was believed that responses such as heart rate were beyond the individual’s control. In the 1960s, scientists found that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) had an afferent, as well as a motor, system, and control of ANS functioning was possible with instrumentation and conditioning.
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● For years, many researchers have used electromyograph (EMG) feedback of muscle tension to measure states of relaxation, anxiety, and muscular strength.
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● Heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback was first studied by Soviet scientists in the 1980s. HRV is the amount of fluctuation from the mean heart rate. It represents the interaction between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems and specifically targets ANS reactivity. HRV biofeedback is based on the premise that slowed breathing increases HRV amplitude, strengthens baroreflexes, and improves ANS functioning (McKee, 2008). HRV biofeed- back is easy to learn and can be used with inexpensive, user-friendly devices, some of which can be used independently in the home.
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● Neurofeedback uses EEG feedback to show people their actual patterns in cortical functioning. It also makes use of the brain’s ability to change and can train the brain to function better (Neurodevelopment Center Inc., 2016).
The model for biofeedback is a skills-acquisition model in which individuals determine the relationship between ANS functioning and their voluntary muscle or cognitive/affective activities. They learn skills to control these activities, which are then reinforced by a visual and/or auditory display on the biofeedback instru- ment. The display informs the person whether control has been achieved, reinforc- ing learning. The following are conditions in which biofeedback has been used:
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● Behavioral strategies, such as relaxation or muscle strengthening, are often part of biofeedback treatment to modify physiological activity.
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● Biofeedback with relaxation strategies can be used to control autonomic responses that affect brain waves, peripheral vascular activity, heart rate, blood glucose, and skin conductance.
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● Biofeedback combined with exercise can strengthen muscles weakened by conditions such as chronic pulmonary disease, knee surgery, or age.
INTERVENTION
Nurses are the ideal professionals to provide biofeedback because of their knowl- edge of physiology, psychology, and health and illness states. However, to use biofeedback they need to acquire special information, skills, and equipment. It is