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TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM SOAP NOODLES FACTORY BY FLOCCULATION AND FLOTATION "A Case Study"
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TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM SOAP NOODLES FACTORY BY FLOCCULATION AND FLOTATION
“A Case Study”
Mamdouh Y. Salih*, Medhat H. El-Zahar**
Abstract
Industrial wastewater from soap industry represents a heavy pollution source on their receiving water body. This paper studies a case of pollution control at the soap noodles factory in the industrial zone in south of Port Said city, Egypt. The factory production includes soap noodles, fatty acids, and cosmetic. An amount of 72 m3/day of industrial wastewater effluent from soap noodles factory was discharged via gravity sewers to the zone sewerage system. Most of the effluent was from the washing tanks and the hot well tank which contains the soap powder.
During the soap noodles manufacturing, each one ton of soap noodles production, about 3000gm of soap powder are lost with the effluent water during the vacuum process.
This paper describes new developments in mixing, coagulation, flocculation and flotation systems for industrial wastewater treatment. The principal item of this research work was to decrease the high concentrations of COD, BOD, TF and TSS in the effluent of soap noodles wastewater. Two alternatives of wastewater treatment methods were used. The first method was coagulation and sedimentation. The other was dissolved air floatation method to compare between them and choose the best. Case studies and design details will be discussed. Comparing between the two alternative methods, the results were very good when comparing to the allowable Egyptian limits for discharging the effluent to a public sewerage system. Moreover, the dissolved air floatation method could be considered the best for application economically. This is because the separation of the suspended solids as a soap raw material is better and recycling the effluent water for reuse.
The results from the coagulation and sedimentation method are considered better than the other alternative but we could not reuse the sediments as raw soap powder because some lime particles appeared mixed with it.
Keywords
Soap noodles industry, Industrial wastewater treatment, Flotation, Mixing, Flocculation, Coagulation, Sedimentation.
*Mamdouh Y. Salih, Assoc. professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt.
**Medhat H. El-Zahar, Lecturer of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt.
Introduction
The soap and oil industry might produce relatively small volumes of liquid wastes directly, but causes great public concern when its products are discharged into the neighboring water body. There are many approaches for soap and oil industrial wastewater.
Soap and oil industrial wastewater often contains significant amount of emulsified oils and fine light organic suspended solids. The goal of water and wastewater clarification is to remove insoluble contaminants from water streams. Such contaminants include suspended inorganic and organic particles and colloids (particles with the diameter less than one micron). Soap and oil industrial wastewater influents often contain stable oil in water emulsions mixed with particles. It is well known that it is difficult to remove fine colloidal particles and highly emulsified oil from industrial wastewater. Usually, soap and oil industrial wastewater bears tens of thousands of milligrams per liter of such contaminants [1, 2, 3 and 4]
. In our case study, during the soap noodles manufacturing, each one ton of soap noodles production, about 3000gm of soap powder are lost with the effluent water during the vacuum process.
This case study was carried out for the Soap noodles factory in the industrial zone in south of Port Said city, Egypt. In order to ensure that its industrial wastewater complied with the requirements of Egyptian Law 93/1962 which was amended by Ministerial Decree No.
44/2000 for discharging industrial wastewater effluent to the public sewer.
Current Egyptian environmental regulations (Law No. 93/1962 which was amended by Ministerial Decree No. 44/2000) set maximum contaminant concentrations limits for the disposal wastewater to the public sewer system as follows: 600 mg/l > biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 1100 mg/l > chemical oxygen demand (COD), 800 mg/l > total suspended solids (TSS) , 100 mg/l > total fats (TF), 6-9.5 pH, 100 mg/l > total nitrogen, and 25 mg/l phosphate [5].
Soap noodles industry wastewaters are characterized by high levels of COD, BOD, suspended solids, fats and oils [6]. The principal item of this research work was to minimize the high COD, BOD, TF and TSS of concentrations in the effluent of soap noodles wastewater. Two alternatives of wastewater treatment methods were used. The first method was coagulation- sedimentation and the other was dissolved air floatation method to compare between their results and choose the best.
Coagulation is the process by which colloidal particles are destabilized by neutralizing their surface electrical charge. Attractive surface forces such as van der Waals forces, hydrophobic forces or hydrogen bonds can bring these destabilized particles together and form small pinpoint flocks. Often, larger flocks are needed for faster solid / liquid separation processes.
Flocculation is the process of agglomerating such small, destabilized particles and aggregates to form large, strong flocks that are shear resistant and can be efficiently separated with solid /liquid separations [7].
Organic materials such as fats, oils, grease or organic suspended solids and dispersed colloids are lighter than water and have natural tendency to float rather than sediment. Flotation is a process in which one or more specific particulate constituents of slurry or suspension of finely dispersed particles or droplets become attached to gas bubbles so that they can be separated from water and/or other constituents. Gas/particle aggregates float to the top of the flotation vessel where they are separated from water and other non - floatable constituents [7].
Suspended particles, colloidal dispersions and emulsions in industrial wastewater are predominately negatively charged. Both inorganic and organic coagulants can be used to neutralize these charges. Inorganic salts of aluminum, iron or calcium can be used to destabilize such contaminants by neutralizing such charges.
2
It is particularly common to encounter wastewater that contains a mixture of suspended particles and stable oil as emulsion. It is difficult to remove oily contaminants from wastewater and other natural and industrial systems containing oil. Oil can be present as a non-dispersed surface layer, usually floating at the air/water interface. These layers can easily be removed.
On the other hand, if oil is present as a dispersed phase in the form of fine droplets (oil in water emulsions), separation is much more difficult. Many emulsions are stabilized with surfactants or other emulsifying agents. Modern emulsions often contain droplets, which are very small (size range of less than 10 microns) and stabilized with powerful emulsifying agents. De-emulsification and oil extraction from such systems present particular challenges.
Moreover, such processes have to be economically feasible to be accepted by industry [7]. One of the key steps in the flotation method is the introduction of air bubbles into water. In early flotation machines, coarse bubbles (2 to 5mm) were introduced into the contaminated water by blowing air through canvas or other porous material. In some impeller-based machines, air could be introduced from the atmosphere without compressors or blowers. This type of flotation, in which impeller action is used to provide bubbles, is known as induced-air flotation (IAF) and also produces fairly coarse bubbles. Such flotation methods are not suitable for wastewater treatment and oil extraction.
Jameson [8] developed an improved version of induced-air flotation, which was more successful in the removal of fats, oil, and grease from the wastewater. Another flotation method, called dissolved-air flotation (DAF), is much more common in the treatment of oily wastewater [3 and 9].
There is still very little research works concerning the biological treatment of wastewater containing toxicant material coming from industrial waste especially Soap noodles wastewater using air floatation. Also, all researchers working on the air floatation were concerned only with the biological treatment for elimination of normal concentrations of BOD, COD, phosphorous and nitrogen.
The experimental work was carried out using a pilot plant with an influent discharge of 100 liter/hour of wastewater at the period of March 2008 to June 2008. The pilot plant was set up in industrial zone in south of Port Said city, Egypt.
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) System
Flotation is a physical process which happens contrarily to settling to bring dissolved solids to the surface by fine air bubbles. On the surface a compact coat of thickened sludge will be created gradually and then it can be scrapped.
Flotation works with very good results in meat-processing factories, slaughterhouses, poultry houses, fish-processing factories, dairies, tanning factories etc.
The final effect is not only influenced by structural elements of flotation but also by these technological parameters:
• Nature of pollution of wastewater
• Surface load of suspended solids
• Capacity load of flotation
• Retention time in flotation
Flotation notably reduces fats, which is important in the reduction of organic pollution BOD and COD.
Generally we can mention reductions as shown in table (1) [10].
The dissolved air floatation process fills an important role in primary solids/liquids separation and offers:
Rapid solids/liquids separation
Reduces land requirement
Adaptability to a wide range of applications
Flexibility in operation
Rapid plant start-up and shut-down
Table (1): Flotation reduces fats, BOD and COD [10]
Parameter Physical flotation Chemical physical flotation
Fats 75% 90%
Suspended solids 75% 90%
BOD5 40% 65%
COD 40% 65%
The dissolved air principle relies upon the fact that the solubility of air in water increases with pressure. In this process air is increased into a small proportion of the treated water which is recycled under pressure. This highly saturated air/water solution is released into the floatation tank under carefully controlled conditions to produce a cloud promote good bubbles which envelopes the solids in the feed flow. The micro bubble cloud promotes good bubble attachment and coalescence so that the solids float rapidly to the surface in the floatation zone
[10].
DAF is particularly effective in removing low-density solids such as turbidity, color, algae, Giardia/Cryptospordium, or precipitated organic and metals. These are all contaminants that do not settle well, but tend to float or hover in the water column. It can effectively remove some taste & odor compounds that can be readily stripped by the dissolved air in the water
[11].
Since the particle removal is by floatation, rather than sedimentation, both the flocculation and clarification detention times are less than conventional treatment. The particle size for removal in flotation can be tens of microns rather than the hundreds of micron size required for sedimentation. In addition, the DAF unit will produce a more consistent effluent quality for filter loading, thus maximizing the filter run times between backwashes. It will also produce sludge solids in the float of 2%-5%, which reduces the sludge volume to handle and the cost of further processing whether by dewatering or hauling away the sludge solids [11].
Improvements in air saturation design have had perhaps the most dramatic effect on the design and specifications of DAF systems over the past two decades [12]. Over the years most DAF manufacturers have made a transition from full-flow pressurization to recycle-flow pressurization for the creation of whitewater to induce flotation. Pressurizing the total wastewater influent to the flotation cell was possible only at low pressures below 50psi, which limited the amount of air going into solution and number of nucleated bubbles.
Most early DAF systems used centrifugal process pumps to force wastewater flow into a pressurization tank at a design pressure of less than 50 psi. Air compressors were used to produce compressed air at pressures 10-20 psi greater than the recycle pressure. Compressed air was then injected into the recycle stream somewhere between the pump discharge and the pressurization tanks. The combined pressure and retention time in the tank forced the air into solution. Water surface elevation under the layer of air was regulated [11].
4
Typical saturator tanks include some of the following features [2]: packing within a tank to encourage turbulence and better mixing of incoming water with the pool of water inside the pressurization tanks, a mixer to provide turbulence and additional air/liquid contact, poor outlet configurations that allow large bubbles to escape, and variable speed pressurization pumps intended to allow operator adjustments of the air/solids ratio.
Bratby et al. [2] made following conclusions: dissolution of gas in water is a simple and straightforward process, depending on the pressure, temperature, the solubility of gas in question in water and the surface area of the liquid available for gas transfer; the solubility of nitrogen in water is roughly half the solubility of oxygen, thus for air (78% nitrogen and only 21% oxygen), accumulation of nitrogen in the space above the water level in the pressurization tank rapidly lowers the efficiency of the water saturation with gas to 2/3 of the initial degree of saturation. Continuous venting to remove nitrogen from the headspace atmosphere is essential for process optimization and maintenance of process efficiency.
Soap Manufacture
Soap is produced industrially in four basic steps. This article lists different steps because in the industrial processes described each of these is done over several process steps, but in principle it could be done in the three steps outlined here [13].
Step 1 - Saponification
A mixture of tallow (animal fat) and coconut oil is mixed with sodium hydroxide and heated.
The soap produced is the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.
Step 2 - Glycerin removal
Glycerin is more valuable than soap, so most of it is removed. Some is left in the soap to help making it soft and smooth. Soap is not very soluble in salt water, whereas glycerin is, so salt is added to the wet soap causing it to separate out into soap and glycerin in saltwater.
Step 3 - Soap purification
Any remaining sodium hydroxide is neutralized with a weak acid such as citric acid and two thirds of the remaining water removed.
Step 4 - Finishing
Additives such as preservatives, color and perfume are added and mixed in with the soap and it is shaped into bars for sale. The most common fats and oils used are tallow (beef or mutton/beef blend), coconut oil, and palm kernel oil (table (2)). Different oils produce soaps of varying hardness, odor and lathering, so the ratios of the oils used are closely monitored to produce a blend with the most desirable characteristics for the most reasonable cost [13]. However, pure soap is hard and easily oxidized, so various additives are added to correct this and to make a more aesthetically pleasing product. The first such "additive" is glycerin, which is produced in the saponification reaction. Glycerin makes the soap smoother and softer than pure soap. However, it is also much more valuable than soap itself, so only a minimum of glycerin is left in the soap and the remainder is extracted, purified and sold.
Table (2): The most common fats and oils used for Soap production [13]
Fatty acids present in oil Tallow Coconut oil Palm kernel oil lauric acid (dodecanoic acid - C12H24O2) _
myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid - C14H28O2) _ _
palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid - C16H32O2) _ _ _ stearic acid (octadecanoic acid - C18H36O2) _ _ _ Oleic acid (9-octadecenoic acid - C18H34O2) _
linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid - C18H32O2) _ _
Soap Noodles Factory
Soap noodles factory lies in the industrial zone south of Port Said City. It consists of three units. As illustrated in table (3), the units are Drying unit, neutralization unit, and Soap scrap boiling unit. The table illustrates also the pollution stream sources, pollutant description and their discharge per day.
The factory has a sewerage network system to collect the industry wastewater from the different units. The network system has a sedimentation and oil-fats separation tanks.
Table (3) illustrates the units, the pollution stream sources and its discharge per day
Materials and Methods
Numerous materials and chemicals are used in the soap noodles manufacturing process such as: Fatty acids (palm fatty acids, palm kernel fatty acids, and palm stearine fatty acids)
Caustic soda (concentration 48-50%)
Brine solution (Nacl solution with concentration 20%)
Process water (soft water)
Glycerin
EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid sod. Salt)
Major processes are performed in batches and continuously. A block diagram for the factory production processes is shown in Figure (1).
unit pollution stream sources Pollutant Description Discharge (m3/day)
Drying unit
Discharging water and powder by vacuum pump from hot well tanks
Water contains soap fines which equivalent to 3000ppm
50 Condensate line from surface
condenser
10 neutralizatio
n unit
Outlet of cooling pump and cleaning of units
Water contains soap fines which equivalent to 3000ppm
12
Soap scrap boiler unit
Discharging water and powder after Soap scrap boiling tanks cleaning
water has a high percentage of NaOH, NaCl and soap powder
15m3 two time/month
6
Figure (1): A block diagram for the soap noodles factory production processes
Experimental Work
The main aim of this study was the treatment of soap noodles wastewater which characterized by high levels of COD, BOD, suspended solids (raw soap powder), fats and oils.
Composite samples were taken from the raw industrial wastewater to determine its characteristics and the required remedial action for complying with the law. A feasibility study was carried out to choose the suitable and economic remedy for the factory industrial wastes. Thereafter, samples were taken from the treated water for evaluation.
In order to comply with the regulations for discharging to sewer, a comprehensive feasibility study was carried out and two alternatives were suggested.
The first alternative was coagulation sedimentation method and the second alternative was dissolved air floatation method.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH-value, total fats (TF), and total suspended solids (TSS) were the parameters determined for the effluent as well as the effluent wastewater.
All the analysis parameters of samples were determined according to the “American standards methods for the examination of water and wastewater” [14].
Model Description and Operation
The pilot plant was set up in industrial zone in south of Port Said city, Egypt. Laboratory scale treatment was used for the first alternative system with three steps. The first step was by using the sodium chloride (NaCl) solution with a concentration of 3% to convert the colloidal powder to a suspension. The second step was using a lime solution (calcium hydroxide) with a concentration of 5% at a thermal degree of 80ºC. Finally, the third step was the sedimentation with a detention time of 30 minutes.
Palm fatty acids Palm kernel fatty
acids Palm stearine
fatty acids
Caustic sodas Process water Brine solution EDTA solution Neutralization
plant Drying
plant Soap noodles
(6.4 ton/hr)
Figure (2): Dissolved Air Flotation System Process Layout
The second alternative system was using a pilot plant consists of dissolved air flotation tank which illustrated in Figure (2). The influent to the flotation tank is pumped directly from the collection chamber which collects the wastewater from the hot well tank and the washing wastes. The influent wastewater flow to the flotation tank was 100 l/h with a detention time of 30 minutes. Air was delivered from a blower at a pressure sufficient to overcome frictional resistance in the pipes. The flotation tank was rectangular type. It was made from glass and the connecting pipes were plastic. The volume of the flotation tank was 100liter. A stream of wastewater is saturated with air at elevated pressures up to 4-7atm (40-70 psi).
Bubbles are formed by a reduction in pressure as the pre-saturated water is forced to flow through needle valves. Small bubbles are formed, and continuously flowing particles are brought into contact with bubbles. Finally, the air-to-water ratio was about 0.15:1 by volume.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Characteristics of the raw wastes
The results of raw industrial wastewater analysis for every unit and the collection chamber are shown in table (4). The results shown in table (4) indicate that there was a high level of organic pollution load (BOD and COD) in effluents from the units and the collection chamber. This was mainly due to the presence of high levels of fatty matters. However, TSS is considered very high and it exceeds the legal limits. All the TSS is raw soap powder which mixed with the wastewater during the drying process by vacuum pressure and it is very important to separate it from the wastewater to reuse as a raw material.
As illustrated before, all the specifications do not allow to discharge the industrial wastewater effluent to the public sewer system according to the current Egyptian environmental regulations unless it is treated to specific limits (Law No. 93/1962 which was amended by Ministerial Decree No. 44/2000).
Separation zone Floatation
sludge blanket Scraper
Sludge
Air compressor
Clarified water Saturated
recycle water
Saturator Air injection
nozzles Wastewater
8
Table (4): Effluent specifications of wastewater from the soap noodles factory units
Results of the final treated effluent
Collected composite samples were taken for analysis of the characteristics of the effluent treated water. Table (5) presents the effluent wastewater specifications of wastewater after treatment by the two alternative methods.
The effluent treated wastewater in the coagulation-sedimentation method has average characteristics of 440, 170, 40, and 60 mg/l for COD, BOD, TF, and TSS respectively.
However, the effluent treated wastewater in dissolved air floatation method has average characteristics of 570, 280, 90, and 180 mg/l for COD, BOD, TF, and TSS respectively.
Comparing between the two alternative methods, the results were very good compared with the allowable Egyptian limits for discharging effluent to the public sewerage system.
However economically, the dissolved air floatation method considered the best for applying because the separation of the suspended solids as a soap raw material can be executed and reuse of the effluent water is easy by recycling. The results from the coagulation- sedimentation alternative method are considered better than the other method but we can not reuse the sediments as raw soap powder because the lime particles will be mixed with it.
Although the dissolved air flotation method is more economic to use, it has some disadvantages also. These disadvantages are the existence of some sedimentation in the tank and also, the detention time was not less than 30 minutes.
Figure (3): The suggested schematic diagram for the design of soap factory wastewater treatment units using coagulation sedimentation system
Unit pH Specifications (ppm)
9ppm 0
COD BOD TF TSS
Drying unit 7.5 2140 1650 700 1800
neutralization unit 6.5 nd nd nd nd
Soap scrap boiling unit 6.9 2410 1990 760 1500
Collection chamber 7.2 2110 1785 670 1650
Lime solution tank
From hot well tank Collection chamber
Washing wastes Salt solution
tank Salt mixing tank
Dosing pump
Left pump
Dosing pump
Lime mixing tank
Ground water
tank To sewerage
To agriculture Sedimentation
tank
Table (5): Effluent specifications of wastewater after treatment by the two alternative methods
Figure (4): The suggested schematic diagram for for the design of soap factory wastewater treatment units using dissolved air floatation system
Conclusions
Based on the observations and the results obtained, the following points are concluded:
Comparing between the two alternative methods for soap wastewater treatment which are:
mixing, coagulation, and flocculation and flotation systems; the results were very good compared with the allowable Egyptian limits for discharging effluent to the public sewerage system.
However, economically the dissolved air floatation method considered the best for applying because the separation of the suspended solids as a soap raw material can be executed and reuse of the effluent water is easy by recycling. The results from the coagulation-sedimentation alternative method are considered better than the other method but we can not reuse the sediments as raw soap powder because the lime particles will be mixed with it.
It can be stated that the experimental results from the laboratory scale and pilot plant are a very good basis for the dimensioning of full-scale plants with using the suggested design of coagulants-sedimentation or dissolved air flotation systems as illustrated in Figures (4) and (5).
Although the dissolved air flotation method is more economic to use, it has some disadvantages also. These disadvantages are the existence of some sedimentation in the tank and the detention time was not less than 30 minutes.
References
(1) Morse, D.E; Morse W.O; Matherly, T.G (2004) System and method of gas energy management for particle flotation and separation. US Patent Application 20040178152.
(2) Bratby, J.; Jones G.; Uhte, W. (2004) State–of –Practice of DAFT Technology – Is there Still a Place for it? 77th Annual Conference of the Water Environ Federation, WEFTEC, NewOrleans, L CD-ROM Conference Proceedings.
Treatment system pH Specifications (ppm)
9ppm 0
COD BOD TF TSS
Coagulation sedimentation 5.5 440 170 40 60
Dissolved air floatation 6.8 570 280 90 180
From hot well tank Collection chamber
Washing wastes
Left pump
Floatation tank
Ground water tank
To sewerage
To agriculture
10
(3) Kiuri, H.J. (2001) Development of Dissolved Air Flotation Technology from the 1st Generation to the Newest 3rd one (very thick microbubbles) with High Flow-rates (DAF in turbulent flow conditions). Water Science and Technology, 8, 1-8.
(4) Colic, M; Morse, D..E.; Morse, W.O.; Miller, J.D. (2005) New Developments in Mixing, Flocculation and Flotation for Industrial Wastewater Pretreatment and Municipal Sludge Thickening. 78th Annual Conference of the Water Environ Federation, WEFTEC, Washington, DC, CD-ROM Conference Proceedings.
(5) Law No. 93 / 1962 which amended by Ministerial Decree No. 44/2000
(6) A. Suárez, A.F. Mohedano, J.A. Casas, M.A. Gilarranz, J.J. Rodríguez " Biological Treatment of a Cosmatic Wastewater Using a Sequencing Batch Reactor" The 10th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering , Barcelona, Spain, 15 to 18 November 2005, T05-021
(7) S. Abdel-Gawad and M. Abdel-Shafy “Pollution control of industrial wastewater from soap and oil industries: a case study” Water Science and Technology Vol 46 No 4–5 pp 77–82 © IWA Publishing 2002
(8) Clayton, R.; Jameson, G.J.; Manlapig, E.V. (1991) The Development and Application of Jameson Cell. Mineral Engineering, 4, 925-933.
(9) Bratby, J.; Marais, G.V.R., (1977) Flotation. In Purchas D.B. (Ed.), Solid/Liquid Separation Equipment Scale –Up. Upland Press, pp. 155-168.
(10) Pan America Environmental “Dissolved Air Flotation Systems”
http://www.panamenv.com
(11) James E. Farmerie of the F.B. Leopold Company” Dissolved Air Flotation as a cost effective alternative for Potable Water Clarification” AWWA 2005 Annual Seminar held in Banff http://www.awwoa.ab.ca
(12) Ross, C.C.; Smith, B.M.; Valentine, G.E. (2000) Rethinking Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Design for Industrial Pretreatment. 2000 Water Environment Federation and PurdueUniversity Industrial Wastes Technical Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, CD- ROMConference Proceedings.
(13) Lawrence K. Wang, Howard H. Lo „Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment References‟ Page 325
(14) APHA-AWWA “Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater”.
W.P.C.F. 17 Th edition, 1989.
يبرعلا صخلملا
نهباصلا قئاقر عناصم نم ىعانصلا فرصلا هايم ةجلاعمل طيلجتلاو ميهعتلا مادختسا –
ةلاح ةسارد
.هايسلا ثومتل اريبك اردرم لثست نوبارلا ةعاشص نأ مومعسلا نم نحتذلا ةذينانما اذححلا ااذى ىف سردن
سلا وذذذذ وسلا شذذذذرسلا نذذذذم نوباذذذذرلا جواذذذذنر جاذذذذتنا نذذذذم قتاذذذذشلا ثوذذذذمتلا ىذذذذف ةي اشذذذذرلا ةذذذذقطش
– وذذذذش
ديعذذذسروب -
.ةذذذي رعلا رذذذرم ةذذذيرويس ذذذجتشم لاذذذك ةذذذيشى ناذذذسكأ نوباذذذرلا جواذذذنر قتذذذشج شذذذرسلا
ا ت
لا تلا . جاذذينس رذذر
ذذخلا ةمواذذدلا تاذذتمخسلا نذذم ا
ىلاوذذح اذذيموج ردذذق شذذرسلا نذذم جر م 27
وذذجتت موذذج /
3.ةذذقطشسلا ىحذذرلا رذذرلا ريذذساوم ىذذلا ت ذذظعم
رذذر قتذذشج جراذذخلا تاذذتمخسلا ناوذذكا تاذذنانا نذذم
.ماذذخلا نوباذذرلا ر وذذب ىذذمع اوذذتح ذذلى نيخذذدتلا رذذلب ا نانذذا ليذذدغلا
جواذذنر يشذذرت ةذذيمسع عاذذشثأ
ىلاوذك دذقت جواذنرلا نم نط دكا جاتنا دشع ,نوبارلا نوباذرلا ر وذب نذم ذ 3333
ماذخلا هاذيسلا ذم
سلا ةذذ راخلا ذذر
. تذذذلا ةذذيمسع عاذذشثأ ةف ر نذذنس دذذجد ةرذذط اذذححلا نيذذبج
ذذذسلا هاذذى لذذحل ايمادختذذسا ةمن
يذذمجتلا جنذسلا ذذمخلا لسذذت .ىعاشذرلا رذذرلا هاذيسل يوذذعتلا
يذذ لذذيمقتل نيتقيرذط اذذححلا مدختذذدت
تذذسسلا اوذذيحلا نيجذذدكيا نذذم لذذك BOD
تذذسسلا ىواذذيسيملا نيجذذدكيا , نوىدذذلا ةذذسي , COD
ةذذيمملا ةذذذيمملا ةحمذذرلا اوذذذسلا نذذيكرت , TF
رذذرلا هاذذذيم ىذذف TSS جواذذذنر ادذذعا شذذذرم نذذم ةذذذ راخلا
.نوبارلا ىذل وا ةذقيرطلا
يذسرتلا ذث يذمجتلا مادختذسا
ةذيناثلا ةذقيرطلا مادختذسا يوذعتلا مادختذسا
. ااسلا عاويلا .ةرطلا لزفأ ىلا لوصولا نيتقيرطلا قواتن نيب ةنراقسلا لى لسع ت
سلا نذذم ةذذ راخلا ىعاشذذرلا رذذرلا هاذذيم نذذم تاذذشيع اذذاأ ذذت - نيتقيرذذطلا مادختذذسا لذذبن لذذيمحتمل شذذر
نأ دذذ لا
يذذق ىذذمج اذذسك COD
نيذذب ح ارذذتت - 7113
، 7113 BOD
نيذذب ح ارذذتت - 1563
، 1993 TF
نيب ح ارتت - 523
، 253 TSS نيب ح ارتت - 1633
. 1033
ذذذذقيرط مادختذذذذسا دذذذذع اذذذذما يذذذذقلا ذذذذناك يذذذذسرتلا يذذذذمجتلا ة
، 113 ، 123
، 13 ىلاوذذذذتلا ىذذذذمع 53
تسا يقلا ناك يوعتلا ةقيرط مادخ ، 623
، 703 ، 93
ىلاوتلا ىمع 103 .
دذحلا اذيتنراقس ادذ ةيذارم نيتقيرذطلا مادختذسا اذححلا ىذف اذييمع اشمذرك ىتلا قواتشلا ربتعت
هاذذذيم تاتذذذصاوم دذذذحت ىذذذتلا نيناوذذذقمل اذذذقحط اذذذيب حوسذذذدسلا ىعاشذذذرلا رذذذرلا
. رذذذرلا ةنحذذذذ ةذذذقيرط
يمجتلا
تلا قواتشلا ةيكان نم لزفا يسر بذد لذزفا رذبتعت يوعتلا ةقيرط نا دجن ا ارتنا نمل
ينا ةحمذرلا اوذسلا لذرف ليذدت ا ختذسا اذعا ةذينانما ايذتت ةذقمعسلا
.ةذجلاعسلا دذع ةذ راخلا هاذيسلا ماد
رلا مادختذذسا دذذذيعن نا نذذنس ي اذذذشني ايمادختذذسا نذذذصون نا اذذششنس ي نذذذل يا ةذذقيرطلا نا اذذسك ذذذسا
ر وبك ةجتاشلا لا
متخم ريجلا تاحيبك و بد نوبار ط
.ايب ة مادختذسا يوذعتلا ةذقيرط وذيع نم
نذع لذقت ي رذتف مادختذسا ذم ثدذحت دذن يذسرتلا نم ةحدن و وى ااسلا عاويلا عارذ ي ةذقي 33
ةيمسعلا
