When the object pronoun is the direct object of the sentence, le or lo can be used if the pronoun refers to a masculine singular human. La and las are used when the pronoun is the direct object and refers to female people.
Object pronouns with gustar and similar verbs
The pronoun it is translated as lo or la, depending on the gender of the word it represents. With usted/ustedes, le/lo and les/los are used when the pronoun is the direct object and refers to persons of the masculine gender.
Omission of subject pronouns
Omission of ello
Ello is often used as an object pronoun in sentences like Estoy trabajando en ello (I'm working on it).
Omission of other subject pronouns
When speaking to the various members of a group in turn, subject pronouns may be omitted when the members are addressed personally by using their names:. In the first question, Ana could have used tú, since subject pronouns can be used with proper nouns.
Note that the verb in the above example is in the singular in Spanish, not in the plural as in English. Numbers are used with uncountable nouns in Spanish when the speaker refers to type or category.
Other determiners
Un poco se traduce como un poco (invariante) y pocos se traduce como pocos/pocos o pocos/pocos.
3· Adjectives
In both cases, the speaker has "a big problem." In this type of sentence, the use of muy (very) requires the adjective to follow the noun. The sentence ¡Qué hora más extraña de venir. is much less literary than the first example.
4· Adverbs
The ending -mente
Cool, que significa tranquilo/valiente, se puede traducir como cool, pero con sangre fría es mucho más común. El policía reaccionó con frialdad (bajo presión) y logró capturar a los terroristas.
Spanish adjectives as adverbs
Do not confuse con sangre fría, meaning cold, with sangre fría, meaning cold-blooded.
Fácil
Regular
Alto and bajo
Flojo, fuerte, igual, and suave
English adjectives as adverbs
The English adverb dead in colloquial constructions of the type dead sure, dead sure and so on translates to completamente, por completo, totalmente and so on:. However, it translates as en principios de, al principio de, en comienzos de and so on in constructions such as early this year. How long, referring to duration, translates to cuánto (tiempo) hace que or desde cuándo if the action or situation referred to is still taking place or in effect.
5· and requests Commands
Commands
If you are at a certain distance from your office or workplace, Vamos a trabajar means Let's go to work. If you are in your office or workplace, it can only mean Let's work. This means that the sentence Vayamos a tomar unas copas means Let's go (out) for a few drinks.
Requests
Students are not allowed to smoke in the school. No se permite que se fumar aquí (which is possible, but not recommended), Spanish speakers prefer No se permite fumar aquí. would I and could I, as both forms are usually translated using the Spanish conditional. Sería usted tan amable de dejarme Would you be so kind as to allow me to do this?
6· Modal constructions
Advice
El participio presente se puede utilizar mejor que con las formas presentes de subjuntivo. La construcción en inglés de consejo es tiempo se traduce como es hora de que, ya es hora de que y ya va ser hora de que. Ella me dijo que era hora de hablar con él, me dijo que era hora de hablar con mi jefe.
Suggestions
In English, the verb assume can be followed by the past tense (e.g. called in the example above). In English suggest and propose can be followed by 1 present/past but the word can be optional. Yo que tú/usted/vosotros/ustedes is a very common substitute for si yo fuera tú/.
Possibility
Puede que can also be followed by the present subjunctive of haber and a past participle. Puede que 1 past perfect subjunctive usually refers to the remote past (equivalent to puede que 1 imperfect subjunctive), but it is often used to refer to an action that happened before another action mentioned in the context. Instead of puede que you can use puede ser que 1 present subjunctive and podria ser que 1 past subjunctive.
Deduction, reproach, and unnecessary past actions
Deduction
Reproach
Unnecessary past actions
Impersonal sentences ·7·
Impersonal sentences
Third-person plural verb forms
Third-person singular verb forms
The impersonal se
The passive
Fill in the blank with the verb see in the same form or tense as the last verb in the active sentence (in this case an infinitive). The indirect object clause a Juan can be in several positions in the passive sentence, but it is advisable to put it in the same place as it was in the active sentence. In English passive sentences in the present progressive form, the verb to be can appear twice.
Relative pronouns and ·8·
Relative pronouns
In these cases, que can be used without the definite article, but the preposition a is deleted. The woman you sent the flowers to/. not: La mujer que enviaste las flores.. ) to whom you sent the flowers. These expressions can be used to refer to animals and things as well as to people.
Conjunctions
Cuando entraba (o: estaba entraba) Cuando entré a la oficina de correos, vi un Correos, vi a Jorge. Cuando mi esposa estaba enferma cuando/cuando mi esposa estaba enferma no podíamos ir, no podíamos ir a la fiesta. Lo que se traduce como aquellos con sustantivos en oraciones que se refieren a períodos de la vida de una persona:.
Besides
Además, se encuentran conjunciones similares, que también se traduce como, y en cualquier caso o en cualquier caso, que se puede traducir como en cualquier caso. Ella me ayudó con las cajas a pesar de que no tenía tiempo. A pesar de mi gran esfuerzo, no pude pasar.
9· Reported speech
Discurso indirecto: Ella me dijo (que) me iba a comprar un piano para mi cumpleaños. Discurso directo: Mari le dice a Jorge: "No, Mari le dice a Jorge: "No me gusta el barrio en el que vives". Discurso indirecto: Mari le dice a Jorge que Mari le dice a Jorge que no le gusta el barrio en el que vive.
Tense changes with past reporting verbs
Discurso indirecto: Les dije que no iba a ir a esa fiesta rara con ellos. Discurso indirecto: Les dije que tal vez estaban jugando al fútbol. Discurso indirecto: Dijo que podría llover al día siguiente.
Changes in pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and other parts of speech
Discurso directo: Le dijo a su padre: "No quiero. Discurso indirecto: Le dijo a Tomás que le dijo a Tomás que no quería salir ese día. Discurso directo: Le dijo a su padre: "Yo No puedo ayudarte.
Reported questions
Discurso indirecto: Ella le dijo que le dijo que esa noche trajera los libros.
Reporting verbs
Ella quiso saber si yo había visto a Jorge. She wanted to know if I had seen Jorge. These reporting verbs can be used in either the imperfect or the preterite, but the latter is much more common because the reporting person usually treats the sentence they are reporting on as something completed in the past. In the Ella me comentaba clause, the applicant refers to the moment when the sentence was pronounced.
Interpreting direct speech
Imperatives
Pe techapyrã ohasava’ekuépe, umi construcción subjuntiva (ro’e, ro’e, ro’e, ro’e upéva) ikatu, ha katu ikatu he’ise Anthony ndohói hague Nueva York-pe opa mba’e rire.
Advice, suggestions, proposals, and recommendations
Discurso directo: Le dijo a su hijo, Le dijo a su hijo: “Estamos ordenando. Discurso directo: Ella le dijo a su discípulo, Ella le dijo a su discípulo: “¿Quieres abrir? Discurso indirecto: Ella le dijo/ordenó a su estudiante que abriera su libro.
Exclamations, threats, wishes, congratulations, and deductions
Discurso directo: le dijo a su cliente: "Buena suerte". Discurso indirecto: Ella le deseó a su cliente un feliz viaje. Buen viaje. Discurso indirecto: Mi profesora me felicitó por aprobar mi examen de inglés.
Denying and refusing
Discurso directo: El policía dijo: "Deben estar en casa porque las luces están encendidas". Imagina que estás en un lugar y momento diferentes y escribe las siguientes oraciones en estilo indirecto/estilo indirecto. Dijo: "Todavía no sé si podré pagar todas estas facturas el próximo lunes".
Problematic ·10·
Location and position
With the noun puerta you can also use the preposition a (a la puerta), but this is becoming a bit outdated. Las camisas están en la parte superior The shirts are on the upper right side. You should be aware of the fact that the preposition a usually refers to movement towards a place.
Time and other contexts
The preposition en is always omitted in constructions of the type el mes que viene or la semana pasada. In sentences with relative pronouns, it is even possible to put the preposition one at the beginning of the sentence (before the tense). It requires the preposition a when it means a time (a qué hora.. ) and the preposition en when it refers to a period of time (en dos horas).
11· Problematic prepositions II
Movement
It is even possible to use the verb get with prepositions that express movement colloquially (he came out of the room, she came into town, etc.). The preposition por cannot express movement to the other side of something, but it can when the speaker indicates the place where the movement started. In the second case, it is not clear whether the person has reached the top of the mountain or not.
Position and location
El agua nos llegaba sobre/por encima de The water came up above/over our knees. The preposition por in por encima de can be omitted in the examples above. In the preceding examples, sobre and (por) encima de do not imply physical contact, but they may in other contexts.
12· constructions Idiomatic
Estar hecho un asco indicates that the person in question is in extremely bad shape. Darse de baja means that the subject ceases to be a member of an organization, drops out.
Repaso general ·13·
