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Acknowledgments
Introduction
What is a pronoun?
What is a preposition?
Prepositions are brought out in all their glory and forms in the three chapters of Part II of Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Pronouns and Prepositions. In the third chapter you will learn about the special relationship that many prepositions have with verbs.
PRONOUNS
The difference is due to two gendered pronouns (nosotros and vosotros) and four pronouns in Spanish for the single English pronoun "you.". The subject pronoun replaces the noun that names the subject (the subject) in a sentence, and the related verb must agree in number with that subject.
Subject Pronouns ·1·
In Spanish, it is only necessary to include the subject pronoun for one of the following reasons. There is no Spanish word for the subject pronoun "it". When "it" (or its plural "they") is.
Interrogative Pronouns
Who? ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes?
Whom? ¿A quién? ¿A quiénes?
Interrogative pronouns 9 The structure of the use of the interrogative pronoun is parallel to that of the answer here as well, because a in the sentence Escribo a Pedro y a Manolo represents the English preposition. Traducción For the following translations, use the second person singular form of the present verb.
Whose? ¿De quién? ¿De quiénes?
Whose cat drinks the milk (beber). Whose is the cat that drinks the milk?). In English: "Which one?" usually precedes a noun (“Which cookbook do you want?”), while the restrictive “What?” usually precedes a verb (“What is the best bread cookbook?”).
Standard prepositional pronouns
Prepositional Pronouns
Pronouns with con
Subject pronouns with prepositions
Reflexive pronouns following a preposition
Because these pronouns stand for the possessed object as well as the owner, they agree with the possessed object in number and gender. If the noun is plural, the possessive adjective is also plural: mi gato, mis gatos; a thousand televisions, a thousand television sets.
Possessive pronouns following ser
The adjective modifies and precedes the noun, as in the sentence Es mi gato ("This is my cat"), while the pronoun includes the meaning of the noun and follows the conjugated verb, as in the sentence Es mío ( "It's mine") ").
Possessive Pronouns ·4·
Rewrite the following sentences using the appropriate possessive pronouns in place of the expressions that have possessive adjectives.
Possessive pronouns expressing
Possessive pronouns in statements of comparison
Possessive pronouns with regular comparisons
Possessive pronouns with irregular comparatives
For example, all the paintings are mine, the grandfather clock is mine, the chandelier in the dining room is mine, the washer and dryer are mine, even the food in the fridge is mine. The pronouns in the following table may look familiar to you because they are identical to demonstrative adjectives, except that the demonstrative pronouns take an accent mark.
Demonstrative pronouns with gender
Think of it this way: if you drop the noun, the demonstrative adjective gets an accent mark and becomes a demonstrative pronoun.
Demonstrative Pronouns ·5·
That boy over there is my neighbor (el vecino) and this (boy) is my son.
Neuter demonstrative pronouns
I don't need this for my job.” Some people say this when they are frustrated or when they have to take a class in college that they don't want to take. Numbers function as pronouns when they represent a noun that is understood or omitted, as well as the number itself.
Numbers as Pronouns ·6·
After décimo (“tenth”), however, the ordinal forms offer two possibilities: Continue the pattern with ordinal numbers—.
Cardinal numbers as pronouns
Ordinal numbers as pronouns
In Spain, the first day of the week is Monday and the seventh day is Sunday. The first time (la vez) is always better than the second, the third, and so on (y así sucesivamente).
Adjective Pronouns
Qualitative adjective pronouns
Almost every client (el cliente) wants to buy a luxury (de lujo) car, but buy a compact one. A large glass (la copa) is for red wine and a small one for white (wine).
Quantitative adjective pronouns
Some people live in the city and some (of them) live in the countryside (el campo). In the meetings (la reunión) a few people talk all the time and the majority (of them) suffer in silence.
Adjective pronouns that refer to unspecified people
In the Harry Potter books, Hermione is the oldest and Harry is the youngest of the three main characters (el personaje). Many psychologists (el psicologe) study the differences between the oldest (child) and the youngest (child) in the family.
Adjective pronouns that refer to unspecified things
Some people think that he is very wise (sabio), but the truth is that he always says the same thing. I suppose some of these are true, but most of these ads are lies.
Relative Pronouns
Restrictive vs. nonrestrictive clauses
Restrictive clause
In this sentence, the dependent clause "that does not have a light bulb" is restrictive because it is necessary for the overall meaning of the sentence. If we remove this sentence, we are left with the dependent sentence "The lamp is useless", which is a grammatically correct sentence, but the essential meaning has changed dramatically and the rest is absurd.
Nonrestrictive clause
Use of que
Use of preposition + quien or preposition + que
Kim is the woman that Roberto and Jesse are angry with (estar enojado/enojada con). Kim is the woman Roberto and Jesse are mad at.). Bárbara is the person I sympathize with (tener compasión por). Bárbara is the person I sympathize with.).
Use of lo que
Francisco is the man I'm thinking of (pensar nl). Francisco is the man I'm thinking of.). In these cases it is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood: Haz lo que puedas ("Do what you can").
Use of cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas
The area, which is largely in the desert, has many elegant resorts with swimming pools, restaurants, bars, shops and health clubs. There is a somewhat small town center with a marina, where there are many boats for fishing.
Direct Object Pronouns
Pronoun placement in affirmative sentences
Pronoun placement in negative sentences
Pronoun placement in affirmative sentences with two verbs
Traducción Translate each sentence into Spanish, making changes for the direct objects as follows: For items 1 to 5, place the direct object pronoun before the conjugated verb; for items 6 to 10, match the direct object pronoun to the infinitive.
Pronoun placement in questions and negative sentences with two verbs
If you don't want it [f.], you have to put it in the box and send it back (devolver). Traducción Translate each sentence into Spanish, placing the direct object before the conjugated verb.
Indirect Object Pronouns
In Spanish, in an affirmative statement or clause with one verb, the indirect object pronoun immediately precedes the conjugated verb. Attach the indirect object pronoun directly to the second verb, which is the infinitive form of the verb.
Pronoun placement in questions and negative sentences with two verbs
Traducción Translate each of the following sentences into Spanish, making changes to the indirect objects as follows: For items 1 to 5, place the indirect object pronoun before the conjugated verb. Respond to each statement or question with two separate sentences to show both options for placing the indirect object pronoun.
Redundant use of indirect object pronouns
Clarity
Emphasis
Indirect object pronouns with gustar
Para negar una oración de este tipo (por ejemplo, "No me gusta..."), coloque "no" antes del pronombre de objeto indirecto. No me gusta que una persona me llame por teléfono a las tres de la mañana.
Other verbs that take the indirect object pronoun
But when Jane washes her own hair, the action Jane initiated stays with Jane. In this case, the verb lavarse meaning "to wash" is reflexive and requires a reflexive object pronoun. not reflexive Jane te lava el pelo. reflexive Jane see lava el pelo. lit., Jane washes her hair on/off herself.).
Reflexive verbs in daily routines
Reflexive pronouns are small words that have the power to change the meaning of a sentence. himself, himself, himself, himself himself, himself The main function of the reflexive object pronoun is to indicate that the action being performed remains with the person performing it. If Jane washes your hair, her action has extended to you; so this action is not reflexive.
Reflexive Object Pronouns ·11·
In English, we generally reserve the use of reflexive pronouns ("myself," "yourself," etc.) for what might be called "whole-body experience"—that is, "I love myself," "she sees herself in full view," "they do not understand themselves." In Spanish, the usage is much narrower: reflexive pronouns are used in situations that refer to a single aspect of ourselves - for example, teeth, hair or hands. However, when an action does not leave the performer, in Spanish it is expressed with a reflexive verb and reflexive object pronouns.
What makes a verb reflexive?
Cuando una prenda de vestir se menciona con un verbo reflexivo, como en la oración Elisabeth se Pon los Zapatos ("Elisabeth se pone los zapatos"), el artículo definido se usa para modificar el sustantivo que nombra la prenda de vestir. Cuando una persona se aloja en un hotel de lujo suele sentirse muy elegante.
Every night I undress, put on my pajamas (el pijama), go to bed and fall asleep. Before we leave, we put on our coats (el abrigo), mittens (la manopla) and hats.
Reflexive object pronouns in sentences with two verbs
If you want [pl., formal] to get well (bien), you must eat (tomar) this chicken soup (el caldo de pollo). You [sing., informal] will get sick if you eat that raw (crude) meat.
Double-Object Pronoun Order: RID
RID order
The “la la” rule
Two pronouns in a negative statement
Two pronouns in sentences with two verbs
Traducción Express each of the following statements in two complete sentences indicating the two options for placing the object pronouns.
Questions and negative statements with two verbs
I have many friends who have shops and they always give me what they sell or make.
Reciprocal Pronouns
We want to see each other, but at the same time we don't want to see each other. Or, perhaps, we want to see each other in the past, which no longer exists.
The passive voice
The Pronoun Se and the Passive Voice
Using se to indicate an impersonal subject
You must change the oil (el aceite) in your car every (cada) three thousand miles. To dance La Bamba, you need a little grace (una poca de gracia).
The passive voice with inanimate objects
They say here that the Prado is one of the world's greatest museums and that you can spend several days exploring its treasures. You can join the bullfights because Spain is one of the few countries where it is still legal, and you can dance until five in the morning.
PREPOSITIONS
To change the preposition means to completely change the meaning of the sentence, as shown in the following sentences. The nouns and pronouns in the above examples are related to the preposition itself, but they are also related to a verb, often the verb "to be". (In Spanish, the linking verb is ser or estar, depending on the context.) In these examples you find "I am", "Roberto is", "you are", "the cat is.".
Prepositions and
For the most part, prepositions are used to show the relationships between nouns and pronouns. Each of the prepositions used in the examples above shows the relationship between the subject of the sentence ('I', 'Roberto', 'you', 'cat') and the direct object of the preposition ('Carlota', 'house'). ”, “hospital”, “bookshelf”).
Prepositional Phrases ·15·
117 A preposition is the part of speech that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in a phrase, clause or sentence. Prepositions are often referred to as "those little words". But these are small words that mean a lot, because prepositions reveal, among other things, place, time, direction, manner and connection.
Functions of prepositional phrases
Prepositions that show a relationship between nouns and/or pronouns
In addition to flowers, her boyfriend gives her sweets (los dulces) on every date (la cita).
Prepositions of location
I work at Harrods.” However, the reality is that when you are working, you are physically in the Harrods store, and to express the same idea in Spanish, you would say, Trabajo en Harrods. John is on my right and Felipe is on Elena's left.
Prepositions of movement
If you look beyond that tree, you can see the roller coaster (la montaña rusa).
Prepositions of geographical orientation
Prepositions of origin and destination
Due to COVID (la pandemia del COVID-19) I can't go to the movies with my friends.
Prepositions of time
Prepositions and related adverbs
The problems encountered with para and por are sometimes compared to those of ser and estar, both of which are translated as "to be" in English. In the case of ser and estar, there is one verb in English that corresponds to two verbs in Spanish, each with a list of rules to adopt. Para and por, on the other hand, are often grammatically interchangeable.
Para and Por ·16·
131 Students of Spanish quickly discover that the prepositions para and por are a force to be reckoned with. Para and por, even though they are just “little words,” offer the Spanish speaker a rich way to describe various relationships between people and things.
Para
Para: destination
Para: purpose
Para: deadline
Para: standard
Summary
The use of poke indicates a sense of equality about what is on either side of poke in a sentence. The use of poke can be neatly classified into the following six categories: duration, substitution, motivation, movement, emotions, and idioms.
Por: duration
We substitute one person or thing for another because we consider the two persons or items to be of equal competence or value, at least temporarily.
Por: substitution or exchange
Por: motivation
The Spanish verb that follows por when expressed in English is a gerund (functioning as a noun in a sentence), which always ends in "-ing." Leek can be translated as English "for", "because of" or "for the sake of". Ella ahorra mucho dinero por usar Save a lot of money by using coupons.
Por: movement
Leek expresses the reason why something is the way it is; expresses "Why?" In these cases, por is followed by a noun or an infinitive.
Por: emotions
Por: idioms
The next eight pairs of sentences differ little or not at all, except in the use of para and por. Translate each sentence into English and then describe its meaning based on the use of para or por.
Prepositions and Verbs
Verbs whose meanings include a preposition
You can turn on the lights here and turn off the lights over there (allá).
Verbs that follow prepositions
Además de tomar esta clase de español, tomaré al menos dos clases adicionales. Para llegar al banco, gire a la derecha en Park Avenue.
Verbs that require a preposition
- Noun
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Preposition
Verbs using por often deal with emotions (e.g. llorar por) or convey a sense of equality in the sense of "on behalf of" (e.g. abogar por). The difference between para (purpose and destiny) and por (emotions and equality) can be seen in the verb pairs estar para ('to be about' to do something) and estar por ('to be in favour' of doing something), as well as trabajar para (“work for” someone) and trabajar por (“work in place of” or “work on behalf of” someone).
Appendix A
Technically, articles are adjectives because they modify nouns; however, many people believe that they deserve special status because of their frequency of use. A word that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in a phrase, clause, or sentence.
The Eight Parts of Speech
Interjection
Pronoun
Conjunction
Appendix B
Pronouns
- Personal Pronouns
- Interrogative Pronouns
- Prepositional Pronouns
- Possessive Pronouns
- Demonstrative Pronouns
- Numbers as Pronouns
- Adjective Pronouns
- Relative Pronouns
- Direct Object Pronouns
- Indirect Object Pronouns
- Reflexive Object Pronouns
- Double-Object Pronoun Order: RID
- Reciprocal Pronouns
- The Pronoun Se and the Passive Voice
Two object pronouns in a sentence are always used in the following order: reflexive object pronoun, indirect object pronoun, direct object pronoun. In the second example, the indirect and direct object pronouns could also be linked to the infinitive: Debemos decírsela.
Appendix C
Prepositions
Prepositions that show a relationship between nouns and/or pronouns
Origin
Destination
The uses of para and por
I PRONOUNS
1 Subject Pronouns
Answer Key
