ECOLOGY
Ecological Indicators
Integrative Freshwater Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation
Prepared By : Juergen Geist
MEET THE TEAM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 01
Levels of biodiversity organization 02
Factors influencing aquatic
biodiversity 03
The value of biodiversity for mankind 04
Biodiverrsity crisis and extinction 05
Threats to aquatic biodiversity 06
Aguatic habitat quality 07
The genetic and evolutionary potential of aquatic
species 08
Detection of stress and
toxic effects using biomarkers 09
Conclusions and perspectives 10
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Freshwater ecology is a scientific discipline that studies the interactions between living things and the freshwater environment, including the physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect the lives of living things in it.
Biodiversity conservation is an effort to protect and maintain biodiversity in an ecosystem.
01
Level of Biodiversity Description
Species Richness Number of species in a given ecosystem or habitat
Regional Species Pool Function of species in each habitat type and turnover of species between habitat types
Phenotypic Diversity Variation within species on the phenotypic level Genetic Diversity Variation within species on the genetic level
Functional Biodiversity Diversity of realized ecological functions and niches within ecosystems
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY ORGANIZATION 02
FACTORS INFLUENCING AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY 02
Evolutionary Speed Hypothesis
Geographic Area
Interspecific Interactions
Ambient Energy and Ecosystem Productivity
evolutionary rates depend on temperature, and biodiversity is a product of evolution and therefore is dependent on the length of time through which the biota has developed in an uninterrupted fashion
larger areas furnish more niches, which can result in greater biodiversity
interactions such as competition and predation can result in greater biodiversity
links between biodiversity, ambient energy, and ecosystem productivity are evident
Disturbance moderate disturbance can retard competitive exclusion, but high
disturbance can decrease biodiversity
THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR MANKIND
Direct Use Values
04
The current value of shrimp stock diversity, for example.
Indirect Use Values
The economic value of natural services such as provision of recreational space, which
increases in value with increasing biodiversity.
Option Values
The economic value of yet unseen future benefits.
Existence Values
The economic value of biodiversity that people would be willing to pay to avoid its
destruction.
Value Definition Function Example
Utilitarian Practical and material exploitation
Physical
sustenance/security
Fish biodiversity as an important source of food or income
Naturalistic Direct experience and exploration
Curiosity, discovery, recreation
Sport fishing, kayaking, and other nature experiences are higher valued at greater
biodiversity
Ecologicscientific
Systematic study of structure, function, and
relationship
Knowledge, understanding, observational skills
Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of aquatic biodiversity
distribution, education
Aesthetic Physical appeal and
beauty of nature Inspiration, harmony, security Appreciation of breaching whales, or salmon spawning runs
05 BIODIVERRSITY CRISIS AND EXTINCTION
Symbolic Use of nature for language and thought
Communication, mental development
Symbolic value of fish in Haida art of native Americans
Humanistic Strong emotional attachment and love for
aspects of nature
Bonding, sharing,
cooperation, companionship Appreciation of aquarium pets, koi carp
Moralistic Spiritual reverence and ethical concern for nature
Order, meaning, kinship, altruism
The spiritual importance of salmon runs and fish conservation for native
Americans
Dominionistic Mastery, physical control, dominance of nature
Mechanical skills, physical prowess, ability to subdue
River flood control, hydropower generation, water storage for irrigation
Negativistic Fear, aversion, alienation from nature
Security, protection, safety,
awe Fear of sharks, waterborne disease
05 BIODIVERRSITY CRISIS AND EXTINCTION
Over-Exploitation Water Pollution
THREATS TO AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
From domestic and industrial point sources, which has been considerably reduced in most
industrialized countries but remains a major challenge in many countries worldwide.
06
Primarily affects fish and, to a lesser extent, mollusks, crustaceans, and other
taxonomic groups.
Habitat Degradation
Can occur in various forms and also includes changes of land use in
catchment areas such as forest clearance.
Flow Modifications
Includes modifications of stream flows by water impoundments and dams, which often have severe consequences for aquatic
species adapted to natural flow regimes.
Invasions by Exotic Species
Includes both deliberate and accidental introduction events, which can have large-scale dramatic effects on indigenous
species and ecosystems.
AQUATIC HABITAT QUALITY
Structural (spatial) diversity
07
Functional (process) diversity
The physical characteristics of a habitat, such as the arrangement of plants, rocks, and other
features.
The biological and chemical processes that occur within a habitat, such as water flow and nutrient
cycling.
THE GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL OF AQUATIC SPECIES
08
IFEBC recommends incorporating genetic information for better ecological understanding and biodiversity conservation.
Genetic diversity in aquatic species is essential for grasping evolutionary processes and colonization pathways.
Genetic tools assist in prioritizing conservation efforts and preserving species' evolutionary potential.
Limited availability of genetic markers poses a challenge to implementing IFEBC, particularly in freshwater species.
Further research should explore genetic interactions between species and their
roles in ecosystems for more effective conservation strategies.
DETECTION OF STRESS AND TOXIC EFFECTS USING BIOMARKERS
EC O LO G IC A L RE LE VA N C E SE N SI TI VI TY
Ecosystem Effects
e.g productivity, food webs, ecosystem service
09
Community Effects
e.g community diversity, predator-prey interactions Species and Population Effects
e.g species and population extinctions, abundance Organismic Effects
e.g mortality, tissue specific defense mechanisms Sublethal Effects
e.g swimming behaviour, growht, reproduction Cellular and Molecular Effects
e.g ‘omics‘ responses, ecotoxicogenomics
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Structural Habitat Availability
Maintaining habitat quality and
connectivity
Conserving genetic diversity and
population dynamics
Addressing the
impacts of pollution, climate change, and
other stressors
10
Genetic Basis of Biodiversity Environmental Stressors
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