INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
Muhammad Fadhil Ridhallah (1227060052)
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, State Islamic University Sunan Gunung Djati
ABSTRACT
Hydroponic is the cultivation of plants by utilizing water without using soil, emphasizing meeting the nutritional needs of plants. The application of hydroponics is more efficient in areas that have limited green space. There needs to be a basic understanding before using a hydroponic system.
Many people still do not fully comprehend this hydroponic system, such as the various types of hydroponics. For example, the types of hydroponics are deep water culture, gravel culture, sand cultr, and others. For deep-water culture systems, it is able to provide water and oxygen for plants and is suitable for growing vegetables. A hydroponic system must also take into account factors such as nutrients, water, and temperature. This is the first step in increasing the production of farmers' crops. For the general public, this technology makes it easier for people to obtain food for
consumption at affordable prices.
Keyword : hydroponic, Deep water culture, gravel culture, sand culture, nutrient
INTRODUCTION
Pertanian merupakan sektor yang sangat penting bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Semakin banyaknya penduduk saat ini sejalan dengan bertambahnya pemukiman yang akhirnya
mengakibatkan sedikitnya lahan pertanian. Jika hal ini tidak segera ditangani akan mengakibatkan kurangnya pasokan bahan pangan, untuk itu diperlukan teknik bercocok tanam baru untuk mengatasinya. Saat ini, muncul sebuah teknik penanaman tumbuhan yang dapat dilakukan di luar tanah, yaitu secara hidroponik (2). Hidroponik dapat diaplikasikan di perkotaan maupun di pedesaan yang hemat air dan tempat serta pemeliharaannya mudah dan dapat dipanen sepanjang tahun.
Hidroponik merupakan metode yang sangat cocok digunakan, karena hal tersebut dapat untuk mengurangi (1) kebutuhan air, (2) risiko makanan yang tidak sehat, (3) pencemaran lingkungan.
Bertanam dengan hidroponik akan menghasilkan tanaman berkualitas baik dan bebas kimia serta sehat buat kita semua dan anak-anak. Laju pertumbuhan tanaman hidroponik bisa mencapai 50% lebih cepat dibanding tanaman yang ditanam di tanah pada kondisi yang sama. Alasan untuk ini adalah karena tanaman hidroponik langsung mendapatkan makanan dari air yang kaya nutrisi (Kusuma, 2014).dihadapkan pada permasalahan yang dihadapi dunia terkait produksi pangan, berkebun dengan sistem hidroponik menawarkan solusi yang menjanjikan.
Bahan yang digunakan sebagian besar dari barang bekas. Jadi menanam model hidroponik sederhana ini selain kita bisa mendapatkan tanaman sayuran yang sehat dan subur, kita juga bisa memanfaatkan barang barang bekas. Sehingga botol bekas, jerigen bekas dan gelas plastik bekas yang mestinya dibuang dan menjadi limbah ternyata masih bisa diambil manfaatnya
DISCUSSION
HYDROPONIC DEFINITIONS
Hydroponic secara harfiah berarti Hydro = air, dan phonic = pengerjaan/daya/kerja. Sehingga secara umum berarti system budidaya pertanian tanpa menggunakan tanah tetapi menggunakan air yang berisi larutan nutrient. Budidaya hydroponik biasanya dilaksanakan di dalam rumah kaca (greenhouse) untuk menjaga supaya pertumbuhan tanaman secara optimal dan benar – benar terlindung dari pengaruh unsur luar seperti hujan, hama penyakit, iklim dan lain–lain.
Keunggulan dari beberapa budidaya dengan menggunakan sistem hydroponic antara lain:
Kepadatan tanaman per satuan luas dapat dapat dilipat gandakan sehingga menghemat penggunaan lahan. (2) Mutu produk seperti bentuk, ukuran, rasa, warna, kebersihan dapat dijamin karena kebutuhan nutrient tanaman dipasok secara terkendali di dalam rumah kaca.(3) Tidak tergantung musim/waktu anam dan panen, sehingga dapat diatur sesuai dengan kebutuhan pasar.
Jenis hidroponik dapat dibedakan dari media yang digunakan untuk berdiri tegaknya tanaman. Media tersebut biasanya bebas dari unsur hara (steril), sementara itu pasokan unsur hara yang dibutuhkan tanaman dialirkan ke dalam media tersebut melalui pipa atau disiramkan secara manual. Media tanam tersebut dapat berupa kerikil, pasir, gabus, arang, zeolite atau tanpa media agregat (hanya air).
Keuntungan
Keuntungan Sistem Hidroponik (1)Keberhasilan tanaman untuk tumbuh dan berproduksi lebih terjamin. (2)Perawatan lebih praktis dan gangguan hama lebih terkontrol.(3) Pemakaian pupuk lebih hemat (efisien).(4)Tanaman yang mati lebih mudah diganti dengan tanaman yang baru . (5) Tidak membutuhkan banyak tenaga kasar karena metode kerja lebih hemat dan memiliki
standarisasi Kekurangan
(1)Investasi awal yang mahal. (2) Memerlukan keterampilan khusus untuk menimbang dan meramu bahan kimia. (3) Ketersediaan dan pemeliharaan perangkat hidroponik agak sulit.
HYDROPONIC TYPE Substrate System
A substrate system is a hydroponic system that uses planting media to help plant growth.
Sand Culture
Sand culture is the cultivation of plants in the media sand. The first commercial production of plant cultivation without soil was carried out using sand beds with irrigation pipes installed.
Currently, sand culture is being developed into a more attractive technology, especially in countries that have deserts. This technology is made by building a drainage system on the floor of the
greenhouse, then covering it with sand, which eventually becomes a permanent planting medium.
Furthermore, the plants are planted directly in the sand without using containers and are individually given drip irrigation.
Gravel Culture
Gravel culture is the hydroponic cultivation of plants that use gravel as a root-supporting medium. This method was very popular before World War 2. The elongated ponds used as beds are filled with gravel, periodically filled with a reusable nutrient solution, or irrigated using drip
irrigation. Plants grown on gravel get nutrients from the solution given. Even though this system is currently still in use, it has begun to be replaced by a cheaper and more efficient one.
Rockwool
Rockwool is the name of the main commercial growing medium that has been developed in soilless crop cultivation systems. This material is made from inert basalt rock that is heated until it melts, then spun to form threads that are then compressed like woolen cloth made of stone.
Rockwool is usually wrapped in plastic. Rockwool is also popular in the bag culture system as a planting medium. Rockwool is also widely used for the production of vegetable seeds and houseplant.
Bag Culture
Bag culture is the practice of growing plants in polybags using planting material instead of soil. You may use a variety of growth mediums, including sawdust, bark, vermiculite, perlite, and charcoal made from husks. This technique often uses drip irrigation. This bag culture technique is suggested for novices learning hydroponic technology since it has a low risk of damaging plants.
Bare Root system
The Bare Root system is a hydroponic system that does not use growing medium to help plant growth, although rockwool blocks are usually used at the beginning of planting.
Drip system
This system uses a drip irrigation system to distribute nutrients to the root area through an irrigation hose using a dripper that is set on a timer. Pumice, roasted husks, zeolite, or cocopeat are acceptable planting media for this system since they provide a surface for the development of the plant's roots and support system. Containers are used to store hydroponic fertilizers.
According to a predetermined timetable, the pump set up in the container will balance the nutrients through the irrigation line. Each plant pot's drainage system is located at the bottom of the front, where it directs any nutrient liquid that is not absorbed back into the soil. The fertilizer container will receive this liquid once again. The timer may be programmed to go off every hour for 15 minutes.
Ebb and Flow
In this system, the root area is flooded at a predetermined time to provide the nutritional solution. The nutrient solution is eventually transferred back to the fertilizer storage container. The plant roots will be submerged by the nutrient solution as it fills or floods the system up to the predetermined overflow level. The overflow tube has to be positioned about 2 inches beneath the growth medium's top surface. The Ebb and Flow method has a flaw in that the plants do not receive a source of nutrients when there is an abrupt cessation of electricity for an extended period of time.
Nutrient Film Technique
This machine uses a little stream of water to supply nutrients to the plant, ensuring that the roots come into touch with the nutrients as they flow. One to two centimeters are added to the water level. This method has the advantage of keeping the nutrition liquid in situ even after the electricity is turned off. The system is constructed in phases such that nutrient liquid is forced through the top pipe before flowing down the lower pipe and into the storage container for liquid fertilizer. This technique is usually preferred because plant roots use more oxygen from the air than from nutrient solutions. This is because the plants receive more oxygen because only the root tips are in contact with the fertilizer solution, so they grow and develop faster.
Deep water culture
Deep-water culture is often referred to as the reservoir method or the floating raft system.
The roots are submerged in a nutritional solution, making this procedure easy. In this system it is better to use an air pump for the aquarium to provide oxygen to the nutrient solution. Remember that with this system, the container should be covered to prevent sunlight from entering the system and causing algae to bloom. Large reservoirs are used as nutrient containers, and plants are floated in them utilizing floating materials.
This system is highly favored by novice hydroponic practitioners because it is easier to handle. However, even commercial hydroponic practitioners use this system on a large scale. This type is considered very cheap and easy to make. Even though the concept is simple, creativity is also required to create and use this system from various materials. The main advantage of using this system is that no pump is needed to pump nutrients, except for aeration. Using a pump for nutrients can cause clogging of the pump when using organic nutrients.
Aquaponics
Sistem Aquaponik merupakanmetode budidaya gabungan antaraperikanan dengan tanaman dalam satu wadah. Budidaya ikan merupakan usaha utama hasil sayuranusaha sampingan atau tambahan (Saparinto dan Susianan, 2014).
HYDROPONIC PROCEDURES
In general, hydroponic cultivation of plants can be done in sequential steps.
Prepare a location
The difference between hydroponic and conventional systems is that the planting medium used is hydroponic, which is not soil, so that in the land preparation stage there is no need for tillage What is done in location preparation activities is prepare a location for hydroponic activities to be carried out, such as making hydroponic kits and greenhouses. On a smaller scale, it might be carried out in the home's yard.
Container preparation
The following step is to get a planting pot ready. Hydroponic planting containers can use plastic bags/polybags, plastic cups, buckets, etc. The planting container functions as a place to enter the planting medium used as a place for plant growth.
Prepare the planting medium
The planting media used in hydroponics can including from industrial products to
agricultural waste. In a hydroponic system, the planting media serves as a substitute for soil. The planting medium is made of a substance that meets the requirements of being able to provide and store nutrients, retain moisture, and have adequate drainage so that the water and nutritional requirements of plants may be satisfied. The types of planting media commonly used are husk charcoal, sawdust, gravel, bricks, cotton, rockwool, sand, etc.
Seeding
After all the preliminary steps have been taken, seeding is carried out so that planting may begin right away as seeding is complete.
Planting seeds
After on tillage and sowing the seeds has been done, the next step that must be done is to plant the seeds The planting of seeds will be carried out in planting containers that have been perforated. Planting of seedlings occurs once the seedlings are deemed strong enough to be moved to the planting location When transferring the seeds to the planting location, try not to damage the roots of the plants. This aims to protect the young roots from damage. The thing that needs to be done to avoid this is that the seeds must be removed or followed by the planting medium. Planting seeds should be done in the afternoon, when the sun is no longer so intense. After all of the seeds have been planted, the ground has to be well watered. The seeds will often temporarily wilt after being planted, which lasts for two to three days. This is normal and will not interfere with plant growth unless there is damage to the roots or stems.
Providing nutrition
One of the key elements that makes a hydroponic system successful is nutrition.The nutrients for plants are grouped into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macroelements are substances that must be present in enormous amounts for plants. A number of macronutrients needed by plants are N, P, K, Mg and S. While micro nutrients are nutrients needed by plants in small
amounts A number of micro-nutrients needed by plants are Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo and Cl. Both types of elements support each other and are needed by plants. The components plants require are deficient if one is absent. The advantage of the hydroponic system is that the provision of plant nutrient solutions can be carried out simultaneously with irrigation. Because most solutions on the market are designed to be diluted before use. Mixing this nutrient solution requires special skills so that plants can grow well.
Maintenance
Hydroponics requires careful maintenance. Watering and nutrient solution watering are the first steps in maintaining hydroponic plants and are done 5-8 times per day. Watering is usually done using a timer, so it doesn't require extra effort in the process.
The next step is tying or staking. Plants need to be staked after one week. Ajir can be used as a handle or vine to help plants grow vertically.
Third, there is the selection of production stems. In plants such as chili or paprika, one or two production branches are selected and allowed to grow as the main stem.
The fourth is pruning. Leaves that are found between the armpits of the leaves are removed every two days. When planting cucumbers, the tendrils that grow at the top of the cucumber plant are cut about 2 cm from the growing point.
Fifth, eradicate plant pests that are attacked by pests, such as aphids and fruit caterpillars, by spraying insecticides. According to the required dose. And the last is harvesting, which is done by using scissors, cutters, or other sharp cutters. Harvesting is done by cutting and including some of the stalks attached to the fruit heads. This is done because the planting medium used is not soil, so care needs to be taken so that the bond strength between plant roots and plant stems and the planting medium remains stable
Factors
Implementing a hydroponic system successfully requires paying attention to several important factors. There are several factors that need to be considered in hydroponic vegetable cultivation, namely nutrients, growing medium, oxygen, and water. Regular provision of nutrient solutions is very important in hydroponics because the medium only functions as a support for the plant and a means of transferring excess solution or water Fungicide salts are dissolved in water to create nutrient solutions. Various types of fertilizer salts can be used for nutrient solutions; the selection is usually based on the price and solubility of the fertilizer salts. The growth and development of plants are significantly influenced by the type of planting media utilized. Good media keeps nutrients available, moisture is guaranteed, and drainage is good. The media used must provide air, nutrients, and oxygen and not contain substances that are toxic to plants. The presence of oxygen in a hydroponic system is very important. Low oxygen causes the permeability of cell membranes to decrease, so that the walls are increasingly difficult to penetrate and, as a result, the plants will lack air. This can explain why the plant will be placed in a flooded soil condition. Water has a fairly strong influence on hydroponic plants. Water quality that is good and usable must also be taken into account. The water that can be used must comply with the salinity level, which does not exceed 2500 ppm and does not contain large amounts of heavy metals because they can poison plants.
CONCLUSION
An introduction to hydroponic systems is needed to level the community's awareness of their utilization. Before implementing their separate methods, the community must first comprehend the idea in order to prevent crop failure. Additionally, it is believed that farmers would use this
hydroponic system to boost agricultural output.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Anas, D.S. 2013. Teknik Hidroponik. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
2. Akbar, Fajar. (2019). ANALISIS RISIKO K3 PEMBERANTASAN HAMA PEKERJAAN PERTANIAN JERUK. Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development. 3. 01.
10.20473/jphrecode.v3i1.13067.
3. Mukhibin, M. (2022). Budidaya Sayur Hidroponik Sistem Sumbu/Wick Sebagai Upaya Kemandirian Pangan Pasca Pandemi: (Kalang Semanding, Kecamatan Perak, Kabupaten Jombang).
Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Darul Ulum. 1. 96-104. 10.32492/dimas.v1i2.754.
4. Tulniza, Feni and team. 2017. PENERAPAN SISTEM HIDROPONIK DALAM BUDIDAYA SAYURAN. BUDI UTOMO MALANG INSTITUTE OF TEACHER AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES BIOLOGY EDUCATION PROGRAM FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND SPORTS EDUCATION
5. Tallei, Trina & Rumengan, Inneke. (2018). Hidroponik untuk Pemula.
