Analysis of Noise and PM
2.5Levels at a Junior High School in Bandung
Clara Angela Brigitha1, Didin Agustian Permadi2
1,2Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, Indonesia
*Corresponding email: [email protected]
Received: January 25, 2023 Approved: February 3, 2023
Abstract
Junior High School 14 Bandung is a place of learning that is situated on Lapangan Supratman Street and is frequently passed by motorized vehicles that are highly crowded. Public transportation and buses halting at bus stops frequently cause vehicle slowdowns. This state may be subject to noise exposure and a drop in the PM2.5 measure of the ambient air quality. The purpose of this study is to assess PM2.5 levels and noise levels, as well as to examine how the school community perceives its exposure to noise and PM2.5. The field observation method was employed in this study. Measurements of PM2.5 are performed using a pocket PM2.5 sensor, an outside air quality detector, and a sound level meter (indoor). The findings of the noise measurements at 23 of the 24 tested places were louder than the threshold value, which was 55 dBa for the Education Area. The outdoor PM2.5 measurement findings are higher above the 3 g/m3 permitted quality standard. According to the survey's findings, 75% of respondents said noise interferes with learning and teaching, 56% said outdoor PM2.5 had no impact on health, and 99% said interior PM2.5 had no impact on health.
Keywords: air quality detector, noise at school, particulate matter, pocket pm2.5 sensor, sound level meter
Abstrak
SMP Negeri 14 Bandung merupakan kawasan pendidikan yang berlokasi di Jalan Lapangan Supratman yang sering dilewati oleh kendaraan bermotor yang cukup padat dan sering terjadi perlambatan kendaraan yang disebabkan oleh kendaraan yang berhenti di halte. Kondisi ini berpotensi menimbulkan paparan kebisingan serta pencemaran udara yaitu PM2.5. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat kebisingan dan PM2.5, menganalisis persepsi masyarakat sekolah sebagai penerima paparan kebisingan dan PM2.5. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode observasi lapangan dan pengukuran kebisingan menggunakan Sound Level Meter, pengukuran PM2.5 menggunakan Air Quality Detector (outdoor) dan Pocket PM2.5
Sensor (indoor). Hasil pengukuran kebisingan 23 titik dari 24 titik yang diukur melebih nilai ambang batas yang telah diatur yaitu untuk kawasan pendidikan adalah 55 dBa. Hasil pengukuran PM2.5 untuk outdoor melebih baku mutu yang diatur yaitu 3µg/m3. berdasarkan hasil kuesioner 75% menjawab kebisingan mempengaruhi proses belajar mengajar, 56% menjawab PM2.5 outdoor tidak berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan dan 99% menjawab PM2.5 indoor tidak berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan.
Kata Kunci: detector kualitas udara, kebisingan sekolah, particulate matter 2.5 (pm2.5), pocket pm2.5
sensor, sound level meter
1. Introduction
The city of Bandung's economy has grown in tandem with a swiftly expanding transportation network, which has occasionally resulted in an increase in the amount of traffic on the roads from the operation of private cars and public transportation. The community may immediately experience both positive and bad effects from changes in vehicle traffic [1]. The sound of horns, motors, and exhaust pipes coming from passing cars is a drawback of heavy traffic [2].
Schools near major thoroughfares are one location where noise pollution in the educational setting needs to be addressed [3]. In addition to the sound of motorized vehicle horns and friction between the wheels of moving vehicles and the road surface, traffic noise can also arise from vehicle exhaust [4].
Students and teachers who are engaged in the teaching and learning process may be affected by noise that happens in the educational setting, either directly or indirectly. A decrease in learning capacity, such as trouble concentrating when reading, is one of these negative effects [5]. The effect of noise on the teaching and learning process is 40% in the high category, 35% in the medium category [6].
Air pollution, specifically particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), which is an air particle with a very small size of 2,5 m and cannot be seen with the naked eye, is another adverse effect of intense transportation activity. eyes directly and PM2.5 can linger in the air for quite a while [7]. Particulate matter (PM2.5) is a byproduct of the burning of fossil fuels in motor vehicles [8]. When inhaled by people, PM2.5, a particulate that contains hazardous such us Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and biomagnifying compounds, is one of the factors that might cause cancer. Additionally, due to the lengthy residence period of these particulates in the environment, PM2.5 has the potential to penetrate the human respiratory system [9].
Due to its location on a minor arterial route, Bandung is a densely populated region with a dense concentration of motor vehicles on Supratman Street. As a result of these circumstances, it is believed that noise exposure frequently occurs at Junior High School 14 Bandung, particularly in classrooms near the main road. As a result of these circumstances, Junior High School 14 Bandung may also experience a decline in ambient air quality, specifically the PM2.5 parameter.
With the aim of evaluating the noise level in the Junior High School 14 Bandung area, which refers to the Decree of the State Minister of Environment Number 48 of 1996 concerning Noise Level Standards for Education Area, which is 55 dBa, and evaluating the concentration of PM2.5 in the area of Junior High School 14 Bandung, it is necessary to study noise intensity and PM2.5 concentrations in the area analyzing the perceptions of the school community as recipients of the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018 concerning Occupational Safety and Health in the Work Environment for outdoor measurements, namely 3 µg/m3, and Decree of the Minister of Health of Indonesia Number 1405 of 2002 concerning Health Requirements for the Office and Industrial Work Environment for indoor measurements, namely 10 µg/m3.
2. Material and Methods Equipment and Materials
Several measurement devices, including two measuring devices for PM2.5 and one measuring device for noise, were utilized in this study.
Sound Level Meter SL-4012 Bosean TZ01 Air Quality Detector Pocket PM2.5 sensor Figure 1. Equipment and materials
Source : Personal pictures (2022) Noise Intensity
Five days of measurement, from September 5 to September 9, 2022, were dedicated to measuring noise. By dividing the measuring time into two periods—during the teaching and learning process and during breaks—the measures are conducted for 4 hours in one day, from 07:00 to 11:00 WIB. Using a sound level meter model called the SL-4012, noise measurements were made in line with SNI 8427: 2017 on environmental noise level measurements. The classrooms at Junior High School 14 Bandung, which are situated next to Lapangan Supratman Street and Supratman Street, were chosen as the interior and outdoor noise measurement stations, respectively. The indoor measuring point is made up of 8 points on the first floor of the school and 9 points on the second floor, while the outside measurement point has 7 points.
While indoor measures are divided into two times, namely during teaching and learning hours and breaks, outdoor measurements are conducted in the morning without any teaching and learning activities.
Traffic Characteristics
The parameters of the traffic, such as the amount of traffic per hour and the average hourly speed of vehicles, are also measured in conjunction with the noise measurement. Utilizing the manual traffic
enumeration survey procedures, traffic volume is measured. T-19-2004-b and the measuring time is for 4 hours from 7:00 AM to 11:00 AM WIB, just like the noise measurement. The Guideline for Surveying and Calculation of Traffic Travel Time Number 001/T/BMKT/1990 is used to measure the average speed of vehicles per hour. The type of vehicle being measured is the type that has the potential to produce noise and PM2.5, including light vehicles (cars and public transportation), heavy vehicles (trucks and buses), and motorcycles, where from each of these vehicles 5 samples are taken every hour.
Concentration of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5)
PM2.5 measurements were made between November 11 and November 12, 2022, on two different measurement days, namely weekdays and weekends, at both outdoor and interior locations. The sampling point is carried out in a safe location, avoiding sampling points with locations of high-voltage power lines, and measuring scales are placed in low buildings and far from one another, according to SNI 19-7119.6 (2005) Concerning Determination of Sampling Locations for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Test. This point was chosen for the PM2.5 measurement. Using a pocket PM2.5 sensor for indoor measures and a Bosean TZ01 Air Quality Detector for outdoor measurements, measurements are made for 8 hours, from 07:00 to 15:00 WIB, on a single day.
3. Results and Discussion Traffic Characteristics
Motorized vehicles that travel along Lapangan Supratman Street are the source of noise and PM2.5
exposure in the vicinity of Junior High School 14 Bandung. Each type of vehicle has a different hourly traffic volume travelling through the Junior High School 14 Bandung region. According to field measurements and observations, Lapangan Supratman Street sees a lot of heavy traffic every day, and there are often traffic jams at the intersection of that road with Jakarta Street and Brigadir Jendral Katamso Street.
In Figure 2, the amount of traffic on Supratman Street Square is depicted.
Figure 2. Traffic volume Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
Due to school and work activities, the Junior High School 14 Bandung region frequently experiences its busiest traffic between the hours of 7 and 8 in the morning WIB. At Junior High School 14 Bandung, traffic flow will then gradually climb during school hours and then somewhat reduce as midday approaches.
Motorbikes and light vehicles were the most common types of vehicles that pass through the Junior High School 14 Bandung region, with 18,128 motorcycles and 6,296 light vehicles passing through each day.
This is because there is a lot of private transportation used in the town, including cars and motorcycles, for activities like going to work or school. In addition, Supratman Street is regulated for vehicles coming from the south, such as Terusan Jakarta Street, Laswi Street, and Ahmad Yani Street, and vehicles traveling north, namely the West Java Pusdai area and Gasibu, must pass through Lapangan Supratman Street. This results in a high volume of vehicles passing through Lapangan Supratman Street. Motorized vehicle traffic is therefore more prevalent on Lapangan Supratman Street as a result of this. Figure 3 shows the measurement of vehicle speed in addition to measuring vehicle volume. Motor vehicles had the highest average vehicle speed (19.85 km/h), while buses had the lowest average speed (9.01 km/h). There is a link between traffic volume and average vehicle speed, where the speed of the cars will drop to a critical density when the traffic volume is higher (maximum volume) [10].
6187 5787 5713 6043 6296
267 310 297 320 341
16421 17165 17600 18128 17328
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
9/5/2022 9/6/2022 9/7/2022 9/8/2022 9/9/2022
Vehicle/day
Date
Light Vehicle Heavy Vehicle Motorcycle
Figure 3. Vehicle speed Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
Traffic noise is the sum of various noise levels coming from different vehicle kinds with varying levels of noise intensity. Junior High School 14 Bandung has a high traffic volume, which can result in high noise intensity. The lower the vehicle speed, the greater the noise intensity, and this is also the cause of vehicle slowness. On the other hand, as vehicle speed increases with decreasing traffic volume, noise intensity decreases [11].
High traffic volume circumstances enhance PM2.5, which is produced by the combustion of motorized vehicles, in addition to making more noise. The concentration of PM2.5 produced increases with traffic volume [12]. The condition of the vehicle's engine is one of the factors causing high PM2.5 concentrations in this case, as opposed to the case where vehicle speed is the only factor affecting the level of PM2.5
concentrations. When the vehicle engine is not maintained, the fuel combustion process will take place incorrectly, which will result in higher PM2.5 production [13].
Noise Intensity
The results of the outdoor noise measurements are displayed in Figure 3, which demonstrates that 6 of the 7 points measured are above the threshold value of 55 dBa established by PerMenLH No48/1996 for educational areas. The outdoor measuring point 1 had the highest noise level, which was 78 dBa, and the outdoor measuring point 4 had the lowest noise level, which was 55 dBa. Motorized traffic traveling along Lapangan Supratman Street and Supratman Street is the cause of the noise outside. For noise points that do not exceed the NAB due to the measurement points being on Jamuju Street, which is behind the school.
There is no traffic because this road is closed. Basketball court 1 (LB-1) and basketball court 2 (LB-2) are measurement sites for parking facilities (SP) that already include barriers in the form of man-made barriers.
Stations 1, 2, and 3 (X1, X2, and X3) are measuring points that are not obstructed outside of schools. These two facts demonstrate that the measuring point that has obstacles in place is lower than those that do not.
Figure 4. Outdoor noise level Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
12,97 12,01 12,26 11,75 12,55
11,31
11,13
11,28 11,56 11,64
11,78
11,17
10,59 11,67
11,34
9,01 9,82 10,30 10,33 10,83
19,85
16,53
14,81
16,64 16,20
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00
9/5/2022 9/6/2022 9/7/2022 9/8/2022 9/9/2022
km/hour
Date
Car Angkot Truck Bus Motorcycle
70 69 69
78 77 76
55
55 55 55 55 55 55 55
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SP LB-1 LB-2 X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4
dBa
Measurement Point
Leq NAB
Figure 4 displays the results of indoor noise measurements conducted on the school's first floor. It reveals that 8 points measured were above the threshold value of 55 dBa established by PerMenLH No48/1996 for educational areas, with class VII-E having the highest noise level at 79 dBa and the teacher's room having the lowest at 72 dBa. In addition to motorized traffic passing by Lapangan Supratman Street and Supratman Street, there are other sources of noise on the first floor of the building, including noise from school activities like sports courses.
Figure 5. Noise level in the school's first floor interior Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
Figure 5 displays the results of indoor noise measurements taken on the second floor of the school.
It reveals that the 9 points measured were above the threshold value set by PerMenLH No48/1996 for educational areas, which is 55 dBa, with the highest noise levels occurring in classes VIII-C and VIII-D, which are equal to 79 dBa, and the lowest in class VIII-G, which is equal to 73 dBa. As a result of student activities, which were taking place indoors on the second floor when the measurement was being conducted, the noise intensity increased due to the unfavorable conditions.
Figure 6. Noise level in the school's second floor interior Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
The neighborhood around Junior High School 14 Bandung is noisy due to both student activities and motorized traffic that passes Lapangan Supratman Street and Supratman Street. Heavy traffic circumstances result in noise from motorized vehicles, which frequently causes vehicle slowdowns. Another factor that caused the vehicle to slow down was a bus stop on Lapangan Supratman Street. In addition, noise pollution is also created by the horns of motorized vehicles. Motorized vehicle noise is caused by a variety of elements, including motor vehicle engines, tire types, friction between the vehicle's tires, road surface conditions, road slope, and vehicle speed. Vehicle tire contact with the road surface can have an impact on
72 75 77 79 76 77 75 77
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
RG VII-C VII-D VII-E VII-F VII-G VII-H VII-I
dBa
Measurement Point
Leq NAB
73 76 77 79 79
76 75 75 77
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
VIII-G VIII-F VIII-E VIII-D VIII-C IX-A IX-B IX-C IX-D
dBa
Measurement Point
Leq NAB
the noise generated by vehicle speed. The car can generate loud noise at high speeds depending on how much friction the tires have with the road surface. The friction between the tires of the car will be significantly larger when the road is not smooth and is wet [14].
The mixing of gasoline and air, which is pressed by the piston in the engine cylinder chamber so that the mixing process occurs correctly, will result in high pressure situations in motorized vehicle engines.
This mixing process will result in combustion residues that, when released, still have a high enough pressure to generate sound. driving internal combustion-powered motorized vehicles in general at this time. Internal combustion engines produce noise during operation because of friction that occurs between the moving and vibrating elements. There will still be noise even when it is lubricated because it depends on how well- maintained and how old the car is. Gasoline is typically the fuel of choice for motorized vehicles because of its smoother sound [15].
Other sources of noise in the vicinity of Junior High School 14 Bandung include student activities involved in instruction and learning, such as sports on the basketball court and badminton court, the sound of the bell signaling the start of a new class period, and the sound of students loitering during recess.
Higher noise intensity values in classrooms result in lesser concentration during teaching and learning activities, which may confuse or irritate students. Conversely, lower noise intensity values in classrooms result in higher concentration during teaching and learning activities. Noise in the classroom can disrupt both students and teachers by affecting their ability to hear, communicate, and even think clearly [16].
Intermittent noise includes noise from student activities and motorized vehicles passing Lapangan Supratman Street, which is where Junior High School 14 Bandung is located. This kind of noise might vary in strength and will occur intermittently. Because the noise source for this sort of noise is motorized vehicles, there will be times when traffic is not busy and the noise source is student activities like sports and recess.
This form of noise does not occur continuously, so there will be times of relative silence. A serene atmosphere will prevail. Intermittent noise is the kind that bothers students the most when they are in class [16].
Concentration of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5)
Table 1 displays the results of the PM2.5 measurement and demonstrates that, for 8 hours of measurement, outdoor PM2.5 concentrations are higher than the quality standards specified in the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018. These standards are 3 g/m3. This is brought on by motorized traffic moving through the congested Lapangan Supratman Street, which emits fairly high emissions. According to observations, when traffic is congested and dominated by trucks, PM2.5 levels would be high.
Table 1. PM2.5 concentration in Junior High School 14 Bandung No. Time Outdoor
(µg/m3)
Quality Standards
(µg/m3)
Indoor (mg/m3)
Quality Standards
(mg/m3) 1. Weekday 20,43
3(2) 0,00143
10(3)
2. Weekend 27,15 0,00195
Sources: (1) [17]
(2) [18]
Weekend findings from outside measurements are better than weekday values. This is because there is more traffic than on weekdays, which results in increased emissions from motorized vehicles. Results from measurements taken during the week are less accurate because it rained the day before the measurement. Weather factors like rain, wind, and temperature can have an impact on the amount of PM2.5, so when it rains, it can lower the amount of particulates where the air will self-purify, namely the restoration of ambient air conditions by rinsing the pollutant with a ratio of 30% so that under these circumstances it can dissolve PM2.5 [19].
The quality limits for indoor PM2.5 concentrations are 10 mg/m3 for 8 hours of measurement, as stated in the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1405 of 2002. This is due to the presence of plants nearby that can reduce PM2.5 levels to ensure that indoor PM2.5 concentrations do not exceed the quality requirement. Even though the PM2.5 concentration was below the quality limit, pupils nonetheless experienced respiratory issues as a result of this situation [20]. Weekend indoor measurement results are better than weekday indoor measurement results. This is due to the fact that traffic conditions are denser on weekends than they are during the workweek, resulting in higher pollution levels from motorized
vehicles. Additionally, since the amenities such tables, seats, blackboards, and fans are a source of PM2.5 in the classroom, the fact that classes are closed on weekends can result in particles being trapped there [21].
The Slovin Equation was used to calculate the number of samples, and the results of 150 people representing some students at Junior High School 14 Bandung were used to conduct an analysis of the perceptions of residents of Junior High School 14 Bandung. The analysis sought to determine the impact of noise on the teaching and learning process as well as the impact of PM2.5 on health felt by residents of Junior High School 14 Bandung.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. Noise's impact on Junior High School 14 Bandung: (a) Activities at school; (b) student screams Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
According to Figure 7a, 57% of respondents found noise from school activities to be annoying, 36%
did not find it to be troubling, and 7% found it to be very disturbing to the teaching and learning process.
According to Figure 7b, student shouting disrupts the teaching and learning process 76% of the time, 15%
of the time, and 9% of the time very disturbingly.
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Noise's impact on Junior High School 14 Bandung: (a) Traffic conditions; (b) The horn's sound Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
According to Figure 8a, 53% of respondents found traffic-related noise to be upsetting, 33% did not find it upsetting, and 14% found it to be extremely upsetting to the teaching and learning process. According to Figure 8b, the noise caused by honking is 58% upsetting, 23% not upsetting, and 19% very upsetting to the teaching and learning process.
(a) (b)
Figure 9. Effect of PM2.5 on respiration: (a) Indoor (b) Outdoor Source : Data analyzing result (2022)
7%
57%
36% Very
Disturbing Disturbing Does Not Disturbing
9%
76%
15%
Very Disturbing Disturbing Does Not Disturbing
14%
53%
33% Extremely
Upsetting Upsetting Does Not Upsetting
19%
58%
23% Extremely
Upsetting Upsetting Does Not Upsetting
0 1%
99%
Yes Enough No
10%4%
86%
Yes Enough No
Figure 9a displays the findings from surveys given out about how indoor PM2.5 affects respiratory illnesses. Ninety-nine percent of respondents chose "no," one percent chose "enough," and zero percent chose "yes." Figure 9b illustrates how outdoor PM2.5 affects respiratory issues. 86% of respondents said they had not, 10% said they had, and 4% said they had enough.
4. Conclusion
The noise level at Junior High School 14 Bandung is rather high and exceeds the acceptable level, which is between 72 and 79 dBa. The noise is caused by motorized vehicles, the Lapangan Supratman street and Supratman street, as well as by student activities. The noise source for Junior High School 14 Bandung at the outdoor measurement point comes from motorized vehicles that pass Lapangan Supratman Street and Supratman Street. For indoor noise sources on the first floor, the noise source comes from motorized vehicles that pass through Lapangan Supratman Street and Supratman Street. There are also other sources of noise, such as coming from school activities like sports classes. For indoor noise sources on the second floor, the noise source comes from student activities. According to the results of the questionnaire given to the children, 57% of the noise was generated by school-related activities, 76% by student yells, 53% by traffic activities, and 58% by horns, all of which were upsetting to the pupils’ process of teaching and learning. On weekdays and weekends, PM2.5 concentrations at Junior High School 14 Bandung do not yet match the quality standards for outdoor measurement points, but they do for inside measurements.
According to the results of the questionnaire given to the students, 56% of outdoor PM2.5 and 99% of indoor PM2.5 did not have any negative effects on health. Then, 99% of PM2.5 indoors and 86% of PM2.5 outdoors did not have respiratory issues.
5. Acknowledgment
Thank you to SMP Negeri 14 Bandung for allowing this research to be carried out in the entire area of SMP Negeri 14 Bandung. Moreover, thanks to the Department of Environmental Engineering as a partner in carrying out this research.
6. Abbreviations
NAB Nilai ambang batas
PM2.5 Particulate matter 2.5
dBa Decible A
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