AN ANALYSIS OF USING DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN NOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN SENTENCES AT SECOND YEAR STUDENTS’ OF STKIP PGRI WEST SUMATRA
Oleh:
Mitra Nilova Agam *)
***) Yulmiati dan **) Syaid Sandi Sukandi Staff Pengajar Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan melihat kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menggunakan akhiran derivatif dalam kata benda dan kata sifat dalam membuat kalimat. Ini terdiri dari bagaimana mahasiswa menempatkan kata sifat dan kata benda yang telah diberikan akhiran derivatif, sehingga kata benda dan kata sifat berubah fungsi ketika dikompilasi menjadi kalimat. Dengan demikian, peneliti memfokuskan analisis pada penempatan akhiran derivatif dalam kata benda dan kata sifat dalam kalimat berdasarkan fungsi dalam kalimat itu sendiri.Untuk mendapatkan data tentang kemampuan mahasiswa peneliti memberikan tes tentang derivational suffixes di dalam kata benda dan kata sifat. Ada dua puluh pasang kata akhiran derivatif dalam kata benda dan kata sifat yang peneliti sediakan. Setiap pasang kata berasal dari akar kata yang diberikan akhiran derivatif untuk mengubah fungsi kata-kata 'dari kata benda untuk kata sifat atau kata sifat untuk kata benda. Kemudian, masing- masing kata harus dimasukkan ke dalam kalimat sesuai dengan fungsi setelah diberikan akhiran derivatif. Dengan demikian, siswa harus mempertimbangkan tentang penempatan yang benar dari kata benda dan kata sifat dalam kalimat.Berdasarkan interpretasi data, mahasiswa tahun kedua jurusan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat membuktikan bahwa mahasiswa memiliki kemampuan yang baik dalam menempatkan kata benda dan kata sifat akhiran derivatif dalam menyusun kalimat. Interpretasi menunjukkan bahwa dari 40 sampel yang dicari oleh peneliti, lebih dari setengah dari sampel telah menyusun tes dengan baik dengan kualifikasi yang baik dalam menempatkan akhiran derivatif dari kata benda dan kata sifat dalam menyusun kalimat
Keywords: Democratic Approach, Derivational suffixes
*) Penulis
**) Pembimbing I
***) Pembimbing II
INTRODUCTION
Sentence is a unit of communication which expresses a complete thought that is considered a grammatical unit in composing one or more clauses.
A sentence consist of group of words that are put together to mean something. In English and many other languages, the arrangement of the sentences will help someone in understanding the sentence itself. Thus, someone must consider good sentences in making the message can be received by the listener or reader correctly.
A good sentence should consider about sentence structures which has at least a subject and a main verb to point out a complete thought. The subject and verb should have relationship toward the order and arrangement of the clauses in a sentence, which is a group of words that express a complete thought. It means that use appropriate word take an important role in making a good sentence.
All words in English can be classified based on morphology. Morphology is the study of linguistics which studies the structure of word. As revealed by Fromkin and Rodman in Bloomfield (1999:139), morphology is part of linguistics which includes the word, meaning, and how the elements are combined so that the word has a lexical meaning.
For example, in morphology the word "ability" is derived from the basic of independent word which has lexical meaning directly. This word includes in the morpheme which is the smallest grammatical unit and does not have another units. It can be interpreted that morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
There are several types of morpheme according to O'Dwyer (2006: 28) such as free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is a morpheme is the smallest word or core unit of a word that can stand alone to produce meaning in lexical, for example part of speech such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. While, bound morpheme is the smallest unit of words that cannot stand alone as a complete word that does not produce as lexical meaning, such as affixations which consist of derivational and inflectional. The affixations that put together with root will form new word and changing the meaning of the word. Moreover, bound morpheme must be followed by the root or free morpheme to generate lexical meaning of the word.
In this study, the researcher identifies two kinds of part of speech toward derivational: nouns and adjectives. Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person, place, thing, animal or idea. Noun is also a member of a large category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause,
the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
While, adjective is a word that is used to explain a noun or pronoun that can be either: person (who), place (where), animal (what), or thing (objects, abstract concepts). A noun and an adjective have relationship because noun is a name for a person, place or a thing, while an adjective describes the noun.
In some conditions the words may change the function in a sentence such as adjective to noun, noun to adjective, adjective to verb, adjective to an adverb and so on. In morphology, this change process is also called the derivational. Derivational can be said that the process of forming a new word on the base of an existing word. Derivational can be identified by the existing of prefixes, affixes or suffixes. For example the English derivational suffix -ness changes noun into an adjective such as slow Become slowness.
On the other hand, based on the research interview with some students of second year English Department STKIP PGRI West Sumatra in 2013/2014 academic year, it is found that phenomena most of students difficult in using derivational suffixes. Students also confuse in differentiating function of nouns and adjectives in a sentence.
Therefore, in this study researcher describes the difficulties that will be found by students in learning and using derivational nouns and adjectives.
In this study, the researcher only conducts a research dealing with the students’ using derivational suffixes on noun and adjective of second year English Department of STKIP PGRI West Sumatra in 2013/2014 academic year.
REVIEW OF THE RELATED
LITERATURE A. Morphology
Morphology is the science of linguistics that studies the composition of a word grammatical which focuses on the word formation in producing the meaning grammatically. Some linguists express an opinion on the definition of morphology, including Verhaar (1990:3) states that the morphology is the field of linguistics that studies the composition of part a word grammatically. Morphology includes in the field of linguistics that studies the morpheme and combinations. Besides, morphology is also the language structures that include words and parts of words that is called morpheme.
While, Beard (1995:1) states that the morphology is superficially the sum of all the phonological means for expressing the relations of the constituents of words, of words in phrases and the phrasal constituents of sentences. The key element of morphology is the word, a symbol comprising mutually implied sound and meaning. The central purpose of morphology therefore is to map sound to meaning within the word and between words. Furthermore, O'Grady (1997:2) also found that morphology is the system of categories and rules involves in word formation and interpretation. O 'Grady stated that the morphology is a study of a word category and rule on the interpretation of word formation.
Related to the explanation above, it can be concluded that morphology is the study of language study structure the formation of a word from the smallest unit to form a meaning.
Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure of the primary forms of words trough the use of morpheme constructs.
Besides, morphology is also a branch of grammar which focuses on the structure the formation of based morpheme and word construction
B. Derivational
1. Definition of Derivational
Derivational is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, such as, happiness and unhappy from happy, or determination from determine. Derivational also can be said that the process of forming a new word on the base of an existing word. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in the form of an affix. Crystal (1999:2) states that derivational are the formation of a new word or inflect able stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix. It means that the derived word is often of a different part of speech from the original. It may thus take the derivational of the new word class. It means that the process by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding suffixes.
Derivational also can change the word-class and the meaning of the word.
Planigale (2000:5) also argues that derivational used to make (or derive) new words. In particular, they are used to change a word from one grammatical class to another. In some cases, the affix doesn't change the part of speech, but it may add
significantly to the meaning and these changes will affect the literal meaning.
Changes the meaning of the word it is joined to only by changing its part of speech, such as, we can add–ity to the adjective national to make the noun nationality.
Derivation is a word formation process that involves the addition of affixes to create new words. In addition, Sobin (2011:4) explains that derivational can occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivational.
Affixes can change the word-class and the meaning of the word. Some linguists consider that when a word's syntactic category is changed without any change of form, a null morpheme is being affixed.
In short, the way of how new words are created by combining the root with affixes is called derivative. A derivational means of which one word is formed (derived) from another. The derived word is often of a different part of speech from the original. Derivational is added to the end of a word, it changes the meaning of the word, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning — it is “derived” from the old meaning.
2. Derivational Suffixes
Derivational is the combination of a part of speech stem and an affix to form a new word stem. A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category (Bacon, 2008:6).
It means that derivational suffixes do not necessarily modify the syntactic category;
they can also modify the meaning. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly). Sometimes, may occur without any change of form.
Derivation suffixes create new agent nouns are nouns that identify the person performing an action or, in other words, are names for people. Marie (2010:4) defines that suffixes are affixes that attach to the ends of the base forms of words to create new words or new forms of words.
Suffixation is a type of English derivation that creates new words. In addition to the agent suffixes -er, -or, and -ar, other derivational also results in the creation of agent nouns.
Derivational suffixes can combine, providing flexibility in creating other words.
Fromkin, Victoria and Rodman (2011:3) point out that with derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning. It calls derived from the old meaning. It can be interpreted that derivational suffix refers to an attachment after the end of an existing word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending, for example, “s” or “es” to make for plurality.
Suffix can be one or more syllables, depending on the root word.
In short, derivational suffixes can also form a semantically distinct word within the same syntatic category. It can carry lexical information and change the meaning of a word. Derivational suffix refers to an attachment after the end of an existing word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending.
C. Noun
1. Definition of Noun
Vocabulary consists of some part of speech that should be comprehended by a language learner. Understanding the different parts of speech is important in understanding how words can and should be joined together to make sentences that are both grammatically correct and readable. Noun is one of part of speech that is discussed in this study. According to Frank (1972:104) states that noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the sentence core which is essential to every complete sentence. It means that noun has a function that will make a sentence has a clear meaning. Noun describes a specific name or something with help of proper verb arrangement. Thus, the message or information of a sentence can be conveyed properly and correctly.
A noun is often defined as a word which names a person, place or thing.
Klammer, Schulz and Della (2000: 60) point out that a noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. In addition Zach (2014:3) noun is a word used to name people, objects, animals, places, and abstract concepts. Whatever exists, assumptions can be named, and that name is a noun. A group
of related words can act as a single noun- like entity within a sentence. It can be interpreted that a noun can be identified by introductory statement of a person’s name, place’s name, or ideas. Noun can be derived from other types of part of speech which is based on correct sentence structure.
Furthermore, the noun can be identified based on its function as explanatory of a verb in a complete sentence. An English noun is one of the eight parts of speech. Nouns may also collaborate with others forming part of speech the word with a new meaning which is called compound noun. It can be said that noun is a word that describes who and what is doing a job in a proper sentence structure.
In a simple form, the aims form a noun phrase consisting of a single word that describes the subject or object of a sentence.
In conclusion, a noun is a word for a person, place, or thing. Everything that can see or talk about is represented by a word which names it. Noun can be called the naming word, because a noun is a word for a person, place, or thing. Sometimes a noun will be the name for something which can touch and sometimes a noun will be the name for something which cannot touch.
Everything is represented by a word that lets us talk about it.
2. Derivational suffix of nouns
Suffixes can change the word class, thus it makes new word based on the main word of the suffix. Suffixes or word endings will frequently give a clue as to what part of speech a word may belong such as, noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. According to McCarthy and O’Dell (1994:98) the most common noun suffixes –er is used for the person who does an activity, such as, writer, shopper, teacher with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns.
It is concluded that suffix is a word part added to the end of a word to change its meaning, to form a new word, or functioning as an inflectional ending. A suffixes changes the meaning of the word it is joined to only by changing part of speech.
that verbs or noun may change its meaning and function after it is ended by suffix.
D. Adjective
1. Definition of Adjective
Adjective is one of the element parts of speech that have important rule in sentence. According to Frank (1972:109), the adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property of comparison. It is often identified by special derivational endings or by special adverbial modifiers that precede it. Its most usual position is before the noun it modifies, but it fills other positions as well. Its means that, it is known that adjective is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. It has grammatical property of comparison. It is often identified by special derivational endings and by special adverbial modifiers.
Adjective is a word that describes the return or emphasizes the function of a word in a sentence. Garner (2005:5) states that adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of these three questions:
What kind is it? How many are there?
Which one is it? An adjective can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause. In addition, Simmon (2010:7) explains that an adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something such as a noun or a pronoun. Some adjectives are used as a group to provide a description; if the group of words form a single idea and are used before the noun, they should be connected by hyphens to make a meaning clear.
It can be summarized that adjective used as descriptors to identify, describe or specify the number of a noun in a sentence. Adjective is also used in a sentence to prepare and make meaning of a sentence becomes clear to the reader or listener. This case is caused by the other types of part of speech can has function as an adjective in certain circumstances in a sentence.
Conclusion, typically, adjectives are defined as words that describe nouns or pronouns. When they describe nouns or pronouns, adjectives typically answer the following questions such as what kind, which one and how many. Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns that describe, it may also follow the noun they describe. Sometimes, adjective may follow a verb of being or a linking verb, thus completing the noun subject. Like nouns,
adjectives are often recognizable by their suffixes. In other words, an adjective describes a noun that is before or after the adjective itself in a sentence. In this condition, adjective is known as a modifier in a sentence.
2. Derivational suffix of adjective
Some words may function as adjectives after ending by suffix. According to McCarthy and O’Dell (1994:98) common adjective noun–able/-ible with verb, means
‘can be done’, such as,drinkable, washable, readable , recognizable and soon. Then, Uefap (2009:4) explains that many adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix, such as, -less, - ous. Adjective can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes –un, -in, and –non. The most common suffixes are–al, -ent, -ive, -ous, - ful , -less
From the expert’s opinion above, it is concluded that suffixes always change the class of the word to which they attached.
Verbs or noun may change its meaning and function after it is ended by suffix.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research conducted in descriptive research. Its purpose describing the using derivational suffixes in noun and adjective by the students’ of English Department STKIP PGRI West Sumatra 2013/2014 academic year. According to Gay and Airisian (2000:11) descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses or to answer the question concerning the current status of the subject of the study. In the other words, Ary (1985:52) gives another opinion about descriptive research. He defines that descriptive research study is a designed to obtain information concern the current status phenomena. They are directed toward determining the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study. The aim is to describe “what exist”
with respect to variables or conditions in a situation.
RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this research, the researcher choose College of Teacher Training and Education (STKIP) PGRI West Sumatra, Padang as the place of the research that was located at Jl. Gunung Pangilun, Padang. The sample of this research were the Second year students of English Department in Academic year 2013/2014 that consisted of seven classes, they
are A,B,C,D,E,F and G. After she did the random sample technique to get the sample, she got 40 students as the sample that stated in E class.
Next, the researcher used descriptive research in this research because the purpose of this research was to describe the ways of the students in using of derivational suffix in noun and adjective in composing sentences. It consisted of how the students put adjective and noun which have given suffix, so the noun and adjective’s function changed when compiled into a sentence. Thus, the researcher focused the analysis on the placement of derivational suffix in noun and adjective into sentence based on the function in the sentence itself.
The students’ taskwas done to get the data about the students’ ability in using of derivational suffix in noun and adjective in composing sentences.
There was twenty words pairs of derivational suffix in noun and adjective that the researcher provided.
Each pairs of words comes from a root word that was given derivational suffix in order to change the words’ function from noun to adjective or from adjective to noun. Then, each of words has to put into sentence according to the function after giving derivational suffix. Thus, students should consider about the correct placement of noun and adjective in a sentence.
Furthermore, before holding the task the researcher had negotiated the time of the test with the lecturer of Intro to Linguistics and finally she was allowed holding the test at December, 10th 2014 at 13.30 am until 15.00 am in room A.411 of STKIP PGRI West Sumatra. After giving the instructions of the task, the students started to compose some sentences by using the words which was provided by the researcher in 90 minutes time. Finally, the researcher collected the students’ writing task at 15.00 am. Thus, from the general descriptions that have been described, it will help the reader to understand about the specific deception or explanation that will be explained.
CONCLUSION Conclusions
As stated at the previous chapter, the purpose of this research were to describe the ways of the students in using of derivational suffix in noun and adjective in composing sentences. It consisted of how the students put adjective and noun which has given suffix, so that the noun and adjective’s function changed when compiled into a sentence. Thus, the researcher focused the analysis on the placement of derivational suffix in nouns and adjectives into sentence based on the function in the sentence itself.
Based on the data interpretation, the second year students of English Department students STKIP PGRI West Sumatra proved that the students had good ability in placing nouns and adjectives of derivational suffix in compiling sentences. The interpretation can be showed in the qualification of students’ ability in placing derivational suffix of nouns and adjectives. The interpretation showed that from 40 samples that were searched by the researcher, more than half of the samples had compiling the test well with good qualification in placing derivational suffix of nouns and adjectives in compiling sentences.
The researcher would like to offer some suggestion and recommendation in effort of the increasing students’ ability and for the further research, such as:
First, the students need to know and comprehend each function of nouns and adjectives when the words were added by derivational suffix. Then, students also have to master the placing of nouns and adjectives in sentences well, thus they can use each word appropriately in composing the sentences.
Second, In order to make students master the lesson, the lecturers are expected to pay more attention in explaining the change function of nouns and adjectives after it was added by derivational suffix.
Finally, because of some limitation on conduct of this research and small number population, researcher realize that this research has not perfect yet, it was also recommendation to the other researcher and to the reader of this thesis who was intend to conduct the similar research in large sample to find more clear investigation toward the students’ ability in placing derivational suffix of nouns and adjectives appropriately to compose good sentences. It was useful in teaching English and everything that has not covered yet should be continue to be research.
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