By Novaria Putri
11504005
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 18 July 2019
Novaria Putri STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Novaria Putri
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. -Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Juli Effendy, M.Sc.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumacahyono
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
Novaria Putri BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM ALKALINE PRETREATED
COCOA POD HUSK AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE
By Novaria Putri
Dr. -Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, Advisor Juli Effendy, M.Sc., Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Cocoa beans, as the raw material of chocolate production, are one of the biggest export commodity in Indonesia. The beans are retrieved from the cocoa fruit removing the cocoa pod husk (CPH). CPH is rich in lignocellulosic and has potential to become a substrate for biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD). Microorganism produces useful enzymes for AD reaction can be obtained from addition of inoculum, whereby cattle manure are commonly used. However, the lignin content in CPH is quite high, leads to low ability of CPH digestion. Hence, a pre-treatment is necessary to be done to enhance the biogas production. The research objectives of this study were to investigate the potential of goat manure as an inoculum and also to determine the best chemical (alkaline) pre-treatment conditions to achieve optimum biogas production.
Prior to alkaline pre-treatment, the CPH was mechanically pre-treated by drying and chopping. Four samples were given alkaline pre-treatment with varied concentration of NaOH (4% and 7%), temperature (27ºC and 70ºC), and residence time (100 minutes and 24 hours). The optimum biogas volume produced from alkaline pre-treated sample could reach as high as 1057 mL, with 187.2 mL of methane produced, from CPH soaked in 4% NaOH solution at 70ºC for 100 minutes.
Keywords: Biogas, Anaerobic Digestion, Cocoa Pod Husks, Goat Manure, Alkaline Pre-treatment
Novaria Putri
© Copyright 2019 by Novaria Putri All rights reserved
Novaria Putri DEDICATION
I dedicate this works for my beloved nuclear family, my helpful advisor and co- advisor, my beloved Swiss German University and for the future of Indonesia.
Novaria Putri ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I am very thankful to God for his endless guidance and blessings during my thesis work.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved father, mother, and brother.
Their endless supports, financially and emotionally, give me the strength to finish the thesis. I am also greatly indebted to Mr. Ratin. His generous help has helped me many times during my thesis work.
My sincere gratitude to Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, as my advisor, for her continuous guidance, patience, and support from the very beginning until the end of the thesis work. I would like also to thank Ms. Juli Effendy, M.Sc., as my co-advisor, for giving me an opportunity to study more the potential of cocoa pod husk from her company plantation. Thank you to SGU laboratory assistances, Kak Said and Kak Rizal, for their kindness and support during my experiment in the laboratory. Not to forget to mention all of Swiss German University lecturers and staffs. I will never forget their kind words and support during my university year.
To Sustainable Energy and Environment 2015 class and all of my friends in university, especially for Vina, Fidha, Alayya, Iqbal, and Feli Chung, thank you for your support and kindness during this four years. I hope the best for your future. I am also grateful to my senior high friends, Paula, Maggie, Sthefanie, and Nadia that always ready to console and give me support every time I am feeling down.
This thesis work stands as a testament to your unconditional love and encouragement.
Novaria Putri TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 11
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 12
1.1. Background ... 12
1.2. Objectives ... 14
1.3. Significance of Study ... 14
1.4. Research Questions ... 14
1.5. Hypothesis ... 14
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15
2.1. Cocoa ... 15
2.2. Waste of Cocoa Plantation ... 17
2.2.1. Process of Cocoa Fruit Utilization ... 17
2.2.2. Cocoa Pod Husk ... 19
2.3. Biogas ... 20
2.4. Biogas Production ... 22
2.4.1. Pre-treatment ... 22
2.4.2. Inoculum ... 24
2.4.3. Anaerobic Digestion ... 25
2.5. Cocoa Pod Husk as Biogas Substrate ... 27
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHOD ... 29
3.1. Venue and Time ... 29
3.2. Materials and Equipments ... 29
3.2.1. Materials ... 29
3.2.2. Equipment ... 29
Novaria Putri
3.4. Design of Experiment ... 32
3.5. Experimental Procedure ... 34
3.6. Analytical Procedure ... 36
3.6.1. Determination of Total Solid ... 36
3.6.2. Determination of Lignocellulose Content ... 36
3.6.3. Determination of Gases Quality ... 38
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 39
4.1. Preliminary Analysis ... 39
4.1.1. Total Solid Content ... 39
4.1.2. Determination of Total Solid in Digester ... 40
4.2. Pre-treatment of CPH ... 40
4.1.3. Mechanical Pre-treatment of CPH ... 40
4.1.4. Chemical Pre-treatment of CPH ... 41
4.3. Biogas Production from CPH without Alkaline Pre-treatment ... 44
4.4. Biogas Production from CPH with Alkaline Pre-treatment ... 45
4.5. Biogas Composition from CPH with Alkaline Pre-treatment ... 48
4.5.1. Daily Methane Production ... 48
4.5.2. Cumulative Methane Production ... 49
4.5.3. Daily Carbon dioxide Production ... 50
4.5.4. Cumulative Carbon dioxide Production ... 51
4.5.5. Cumulative Hydrogen sulphide Production ... 52
4.6. Optimum Alkaline Pre-treatment Condition for Biogas Production from Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) ... 53
4.7. Biogas Calorific Value ... 54
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 55
APPENDICES ... 56
A. Components analysis ... 56
A.1 Total Solid (TS%) analysis ... 56
A.2 Lignocellulose Analysis ... 57
B. Cumulative Biogas Production ... 59
B.1 Cumulative Biogas produced of Mechanically Pre-treated CPH ... 59
B.2 Cumulative Biogas produced of Alkaline Pre-treated CPH (Sample V2) ... 60
B.3 Cumulative Biogas produced of Alkaline Pre-treated CPH (Sample V4) ... 61
REFERENCES ... 62
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 65
