microfluidic fabric-based electrochemical device for

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GLUCOSE MONITORING IN BLOOD

By

Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan 11406003

BACHELOR’S DEGREE in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING CONCENTRATION

LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower

Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia

August 2018

Revision after the Thesis Defense on July 23^rd 2018

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Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan

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Student Date

Approved by:

Dr. Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, S.T., M.Eng.

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Thesis Advisor

Date

Drh. Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum, M.Si.

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Thesis Co-Advisor Date

Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo

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Dean Date

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Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan ABSTRACT

MICROFLUIDIC FABRIC-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE FOR GLUCOSE MONITORING IN BLOOD

By

Dr. Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, S.T., M.Eng., Advisor Drh. Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum, M.Si., PhD., Co-Advisor

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY

The purposes of this research are to do quantitative measurements of blood glucose using a cotton based microfluidic electrochemical device (µFED), develop a continuous system for the µFED to do a continuous monitoring of blood glucose over a period of time, and also evaluate the effects of mechanical deformation on the electrochemical performance of the device itself. The µFED was fabricated using stencil printing method for patterning the electrodes and wax-patterning to make the reaction zone. The analytical performance of the device was carried out using chronoamperometry method at detection potential of -0.2 V. The µFED has a linear working range of 0 – 20 mM of glucose. The sensitivity of the device is 0.3283 µA/mM, with LOD and LOQ of 0.98 mM and 3.26 mM. Continuous system of the µFED was also developed and tested using a flowing sample over a period of time. The 3D µFED shows a great potential to be integrated as a wearable sensor that can do continuous measurement of glucose under mechanical deformation.

Keywords: microfluidic, biosensor, fabric-based microfluidic, continuous glucose monitoring.

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Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan DEDICATION

I dedicate this works for my beloved parents.

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Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to offer my praise and thanksgiving to almighty God and Mother Mary for the grace, power, and the blessings; I can complete this bachelor thesis.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, S.T., M.Eng.

and Drh. Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum, M.Si, PhD. as my advisor and co-advisor and Fuad Ughi M.T. for their careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable during thesis work. Without their guidance and persistent help this thesis would not have been possible.

In addition, a big thank you for all of my friends in Biomedical Engineering 2014, who have supported me along the way, it was great sharing the laboratory with all of you during this thesis duration.

I would also like to extend my gratitude for all of the laboratory assistant in SGU’s Life Science and Technology, especially Gerald Justin Goenawan and Purwanty Rara Azura for the guidance and assistance during my thesis work.

Finally, I would like to thank my dad and mom for the unfailing love and for always believe in me.

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Elfrida Vanessa Heriawan TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ...2

ABSTRACT ...3

DEDICATION ...5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...6

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...7

LIST OF FIGURES ...9

LIST OF TABLES ... 12

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 13

1.1 Background... 13

1.2 Research Problems ... 14

1.3 Research Objectives ... 15

1.4 Significance of Study ... 15

1.5 Research questions ... 15

1.6 Hypothesis ... 16

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 17

2.1 Diabetes Mellitus ... 17

2.2 Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose ... 17

2.3 Continuous Glucose Monitoring ... 18

2.4 Biosensor ... 19

2.5 Screen Printed Biosensor ... 20

2.6 Microfluidics ... 20

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2.7 Previous Studies on Paper-based Microfluidics Analytical Devices ... 21

2.8 Previous Studies on Fabric-based Electrochemical Device ... 23

CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ... 26

3.1 Venue and Time ... 26

3.2 Equipment, Materials, and Chemicals... 27

3.3 Research Framework ... 28

3.4 System Overview ... 29

3.4.1 Fabrication of µFED... 29

3.4.2 Electrochemical measurement of the device ... 34

3.4.3 Continuous microfluidics fabric based electrochemical device... 37

3.4.4 Mechanical deformation test ... 39

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 43

4.1 Fabrication of µFED ... 43

4.2 Electrochemical measurement of the device ... 45

4.2.1 Characterization of Electrochemical detection ... 45

4.2.2 Optimum detection potential ... 45

4.2.3 Analytical performance ... 47

4.2.4 Analytical validation ... 49

4.3 Continuous microfluidics fabric based electrochemical device ... 50

4.4 Mechanical deformation test... 54

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 60

REFERENCES ... 61

APPENDICES ... 66

CURRICULUM VITAE ... 74